Ethical Behavior in the Workplace free essay sample

Final Paper: Ethical Behavior in the Workplace Mirinda Frazier SOC 402 Instructor Dana Rock 6/25/2012 Ethical Behavior in the Workplace An organization should perform with ethical conduct at all times- this means that both the employers and employees must act respectably throughout all the various dimensions of business practice and transactions with consistent ethicality. Good business ethics are vital for the success of any organization, and should be established from the very beginning; an organization will function better when the company morale is high, and the organization is built upon a strong ethical foundation. When the groundwork is paved with a concrete set of business ethics, this provides a more meaningful workplace, and a more clearly outlined path for the organization to follow- correctly guiding behavior and business transactions in the right direction. An organization which functions unethically, in my opinion, will not function successfully. Despite how much money a business makes, it is worth nothing without integrity. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Behavior in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Integrity is something that cannot be bought by a company; when all the money is gone, the only thing left at the end of the day that really counts is the integrity of the organization. Without integrity a company is ultimately unethical, and entirely worthless; good business ethics can make or break a company, and heavily depends upon whether or not the company will succeed. What are Business Ethics? Why are they Important? Dictionary. com (2012) lists ethical as â€Å"pertaining to or dealing with morals, or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct†¦being in accordance with the rules and standards, for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession. Ethics, or the choice of morality between what is right and wrong really comes down to individual belief- not everyone will agree on everything at the same time, and it is natural for people to have different opinions, as expected some divergence will exist. However, to help everyone within the company to ‘stay on the same page’ it is important to develop and have a set standard or ‘code of conduct’ so that everyone understands proper comp any etiquette and the individual company’s protocol. Having a ‘code of conduct’ or system in place helps to guide behavior in the right direction, and to eliminate any discrepancies. When an organization has a set of business standards in place for what is acceptable/right conduct, this helps to instill ethical behavior as a principle requirement and as a customary aspect to the organization’s existence. An organization is better equipped to sustain ethically when the company protocol necessitates proper and ethical behavior. Having good business ethics should be a fundamental component to the organizational life; business ethics significantly impact all levels of business transaction as well as everyone that is affiliated: the people (employers, employees, customers, investors, etc. . Having good workplace ethics helps to ensure that all business transactions are conducted in an ethical manner- both within all the business relations involved within the internal and external environmental. Viara Giraffe (2011), author of Contemporary Social Issues and the Workplace explains that, â€Å"From a socioeconomic perspective, a business organizations responsibil ity extends beyond meeting the goals of profit or productivity and includes an implicit obligation to customers, employees, and the community as well. In A Study in Business Ethics, author Rituparna Raj (2009) also talks about how a business has a sociological and economical responsibility to practice proper business; he explains that a business is not only an economic entity, but is also considered a sociological institutions as well as they operate within a social structure, and influence social lifestyles- therefore they have a social and economic responsibility beyond using this as an infrastructure to merely maximize profits, but should also work for the welfare of their society as well- the same society in which they operate, and which helps them grow. One of the most apparent implications of business ethics is simply that an organization’s ethics has considerable implications on the way it is perceived; it is hard to deny that the demeanor of a company significantly portrays its overall reputation. The company’s moral standards have momentous association to and on all levels of organizational life- all degrees of business are affected, so it is important to develop a strong set of ethical principles and enforce proper ethical behavior. Organizational ethicality will help to create and uphold a more admirable and trustworthy organization from all levels, and from all respects. Ethical business practices begin with the leaders of the organization, they must exude ethicality. The leaders of the organization set the example of behavior, and will have the most significant and influential bearing on the employees’ conduct. The organization must have leaders who are the exemplar of ethicality, and set the tone for appropriate conduct. The leaders of the organization are an important component to instilling and enforcing ethical behavior. Ethical behavior means not only doing what is right in front of others, but also doing what is right behind closed doors even when no one is watching, or around. Ethical behavior also entails resisting selfish tendencies and striving for the good of all/others- this means working for beneficial gains beyond those which are merely self fulfilling. Although the whole intention of having a business is generally to profit and make money, and though making money in itself is not wrong, the approach taken to obtain this can be unethical. As the famous and visionary organizational leader Henry Ford (founder of Ford Motor Company) is quoted as saying, â€Å"A business that makes nothing but money is a poor kind of business. Proper Workplace Ethics- Behavior and Practice When an organization thrives upon ethicality, and centers itself on good ethical business mannerisms in practice, this provides a strong core of values to work by and a more solid ethical foundation to uphold the organization. This helps to create and establish a general ethical ideology, and a common shared rationale among all to work for and work by; this helps inspire motive in an d behind all the organizational objectives as well. The leaders and company protocol should consistently exemplify ethical behavior, require it, and enforce it. Ethical business philosophies are an indispensible element to creating a trustworthy and respectable infrastructure within the organization; when ethicality is a steadfast component in the organization, it provides directional support to steer the organizational behavioral in a more meaningful, correct, and direct course of action. When employees have ethical leaders who are role models for organizational behavior, correlated with a clearly defined system or code of conduct set in place, they are more likely to approve and adopt ethical business behavior and practices. A strong ethical workplace will help everyone to work together, and create teamwork within. Ethical behavior and organizational practices help to develop togetherness and unity within the workplace, which in turn will help promote teamwork and productivity. Organizations rely heavily upon effective team working skills which must be centered on ethical practices; this means that everyone does their ‘fair share’ equally and ethically. Oftentimes, a collaborative team effort is more effective to an organization rather than what each person could contribute individually alone. When everyone works ethically, puts in equal effort in working together in a joint group effort- this makes for a healthier and more enjoyable workplace atmosphere. The ‘golden rule’, a rule of thumb for ethical behavior- â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you† or in other words, treat others how you would like to be treated and respected, is a straightforward and simple judgment to remember for ethical workplace behavior. Business ethics are workplace issues and attributes to other workplace issues as well, and has great sociological implications. Having good workplace ethics can also be benefificial to both the organization and those involved within; good ethical behavior and business practices can easily solve many problems and offer an easy solution. When ethical business practices exist, it creates a sense of organizational association and togetherness and this involvement can rekindle the company’s work ethic and overall create an even stronger contribution/participation, commitment, and enthusiasm from everyone- this not only benefits the employees and makes for a more enjoyable workplace atmosphere, but also benefits the company as well. Ethical behavior should thoroughly promote and exude fairness; everyone should be treated equivalently, employers and employees of all levels/positions. Proper organizational ethics should require equal opportunity and help to ensure that everyone is playing fair and by the same rules/regulation. Ethical business means not allowing, racism, sexism/or sexual harassment, or discrimination of any kind to exist. Unfair is unethical. There should be matching company wages being paid, equal opportunity for advancement and promotion, as well as the same incentives/bonuses; ethical behavior also needs to have just mediation with good discretion and the identical underlying repercussions for all. When ethical business standards are not set in place, this creates confusion, and is a more inviting environment for conflict to exist. Ethical behavior is more likely to be the norm when it is consistently reinforced, and accentuated in every part of even the most typical and daily transactions; this will help to implant ethicality within the workplace permanently. Like the saying goes, ‘practice makes perfect’, repetition will help to instill that ethical behavior is reoccurring, and a frequent part of the organizational performances/transactions. If the emphasis is always on ethical behavior, and its importance is stressed and understood by everyone, then chances are you will begin to see more of it, and it becoming common place in the business. To help increase ethical behavior in the workplace, it is important to constantly recognize and reward ethical behavior as well; this will help to promote and further encourage it. Ethical business should always be observed in a proactive light, and frequently measured; as this helps it to remain currently regarded within the workplace, and keep it at the forefront of everyone’s concern at all times. An organizational environment that has an ethical and respectful atmosphere faces a more promising and advantageous future. Workplace ethics are behind all good businesses and it is the driving force which compels virtuous action and behavior. Good work ethics are what set the good companies apart from the bad. By refusing to maintain an ethical workplace environment you are only refusing your organization- and preventing it from existing at optimal efficacy; ultimately poor workplace ethics will adversely affect your organization and overall is depriving for the organization. Unethical business practices could eventually result in the demise of the organization altogether. Improper and unethical behavior affects decision making negatively, as there are no values to uphold or compel the right choices to be made. Poor decisions made now can have long lasting and future implications- some of which may be forever impinging upon the organization and its success. Unethical business ethics can destroy numerous elements of the occupational life: profits/revenue can be negatively impacted, turnover rates can increase, performance may decline and can become unimportant to employees, incentives and benefit/compensation may become insufficient, a lack of commitment and dependability may develop, investment and investors may plummet, as well as the consumer/customer base. With so many important organizational constituents affected and influenced y the business ethics practiced, it is imperative to uphold a strong honorable code of ethics so all business is conducted admirably, and so the organization is better equipped for success. Ethicality means not only developing, enforcing, and following the ethical policies set by the company, but also involves adhering to all federal and state government laws; w hen a business breaks the law or engages in illegal activity (or unethical business practices) they face the possibility of penalties, fines, and other consequences that could all lead up to the extinction of the organization. Organizations have a legal and ‘social’ responsibility to everyone included within every depth and measurement of business life. Having an ethical organizational is essential for countless reasons: it lends a moral helping hand in resolving organizational problems and conflict fairly, improves organizational procedures, helps to develop and implement organizational strategy, decision making and organizational change is carried out more efficiently and honestly, just to name a few. Most importantly, a solid ethical foundation in the workplace is fundamental to having strong ethical working relationships with people- both inside (with the employees amp; employers etc. ), as well as outside in the external environment with the networks of people and other business connections such as (consumers/customers, investors, business partners, etc. ). On the other hand, unethical behavior does just the opposite to these important workplace dimensions, people, and practices, and can impede on the organization’s ability to grow, ultimately hindering organizational success. By instilling ethical business standards you are infusing the organization with strong institutional values to better uphold the organization together. Having ethical business principles within the workplace ensures that the utmost legal and moral standards are regarded at all times, and constantly observed as a customary way of the organizational life, behavioral conduct, and occupational relations. An organization which functions unethically, in my opinion, will not function successfully; organizational integrity is one of the most important, if not the most important aspect of the organization.

Systematic and Systemic

Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic By Maeve Maddox Mark, one of our readers, requests a discussion of the difference between systematic and systemic. Both adjectives derive from the noun system which, in late Latin, meant a musical interval, that is, a difference in pitch between two notes. While retaining its original meaning, the Latin word came to mean, in addition: a union of several metres into a whole, the universe, body of the articles of faith, an organized whole, government, constitution, and a body of men or animals systematic [sis tuh MA tik] In its most common use by the general speaker and writer, the adjective systematic means Arranged or conducted according to a system, plan, or organized method. A novelist, for example, may have a systematic method of organizing note cards. More specialized meanings of systematic occur in the writings of philosophers, statisticians, and biologists, as the following examples from the OED illustrate: Logic: When the same words are used in sentences which express different kinds of propositions, yet in each case the usage is significant, then these words are said to have ‘systematic ambiguity’ This ambiguity is systematic because it can be formulated according to a rule. Statistics: an error with a non-zero mean, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged. Natural history: Pertaining to, following, or arranged according to a system of classification; of or pertaining to classification, classificatory. systemic [sis TEM ik] Note: Beware the pronunciation. I once heard a radio reporter pronounce it as sus tee mik.) The adjective systemic is chiefly a scientific term meaning belonging to, supplying, or affecting the system or body as a whole. It is often used to refer to a condition that affects the nervous system in particular. Read the labels on your gardening supplies. If your herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide is described as systemic, it kills the pest youre after by entering its system and making its way throughout the plants or animals tissues. In 1961 M. A. K. Halliday came up with the term systemic grammar to describe a method of linguistic analysis. The rationale for the use of systemic instead of systematic in this instance eludes me, but then, so does the meaning of this OED example which records the use of the expression: The grammar that assigns to sentences structures like the one in Fig. 1 is generative fusion of elements of American-style immediate-constituent analysis, European-style dependency theory, and British-style systemic grammar. Unless you are referring to an organism, you probably want the word systematic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesLatin Plural EndingsKn- Words in English

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files Assignment

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files - Assignment Example By triangulating both sets of results, I hope to be able to arrive at some solidly based conclusions that are confirmed by both current research and by working professionals currently employed in government agencies. In designing this particular study, I realise that is important that my research be credible. I want readers to be able to trust that outcomes that I arrive at, which means that I am now taking the time to ensure my methodology is based on sound research principles, that the research I incorporable is both scholarly and reputable, and that the eventual participants in the survey portion of the study are truly qualified to do so. In addition, as I design the qualitative study, I will be making sure the research is transparent, reliable, and useful to both the academic and business community. To this point in my dissertation journey, I have taken all three types to research methodology courses. Given the fact that my particular research emphasis is qualitative in nature, I am please to note that I received high marks in the qualitative design course. While I did acceptably in the mixed-methods and quantitative design courses, I feel my research gifts lie a bit more in the exploratory nature that the qualitative approach offers. My desire to seek out current perception in the hiring and promotion process and determine what, if anything, should be done to increase the transparency in this area in public agencies, with a particular emphasis on the Social Security Administration. Having the ability to locate qualified individuals to provide a professional opinion on this important topic, coupled with my own interest in examining current research in this area, enables me to develop a solid qualitative framework. Moving forward, I do not feel that I need to take any further co urse in research study design, as quantitative data

Stafing and Selecton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stafing and Selecton - Essay Example The title of the new job openings at Thomson Rail is Contract Manager. These individuals would be responsible for retaining existing customers and gaining new customers for the company’s services. While the present responsibility for this lies with the director and senior managers, the expanding business as well as the need to grow has created a requirement for new individuals to be hired who are good at sales, customer relations and know the industry as well. Such people may be hard to find but the company may have to settle for the best available candidates amongst those who apply. The two central legal issues for the company for recruitment and the hiring process can be understood as anti-discrimination laws and equal opportunity rules. Simply put, all candidates must be viewed and hired based on their strengths and weaknesses as applicants without giving any weight to their race, gender, age, physical abilities except in situations where such requirements are an intrinsic part of the job. Given that the nature of the job is office related there are very few exceptions to the law which can be obtained by the company and it should be assumed by the recruiters that the law applies in the fullest sense. At the same time, there are additional legal and ethical requirements which must be followed in the selection, interview and recruitment process which mainly deal with ensuring confidentiality and the privacy of the candidates. While making the application for the job, candidates may give out information which is considered to be private information in the eyes of the law and that must be kept secure by the company. Even things like the candidates email address and telephone number may be required by ethical rules to be kept secure. It is probably a good idea for the company to speak with a legal consultant or obtain legal advice from individuals in the company who have had experience with recruitment procedures in the past. The London Underground market is a

Negative letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Negative letter - Essay Example The company has agreed to deliver services by 7a.m. The time is appropriate because it will provide an allowance of time for the relocation of the misplaced vehicles. The time is also ideal because it will provide the vehicle owners with time to attend their daily jobs. The town council will also provide the vehicle owners with new parking stickers. The parking sticker will be part of the town council’s initiative to reduce the grievances pertaining to the parking of vehicles. The sticker is expected to appear in the rearview mirror of every vehicle. In addition, the new sticker will enhance the regulation of vehicle traffic at the parking lot. This situation notwithstanding, the parking charge hike was ill-timed. The town council should instead expand parking capacity to avoid the breach of parking rules by some innocent vehicle owners. The expansion of parking capacity will provide extra space to ensure that vehicle owners do not scramble for parking

Organisational development and organisatins effectiveness and viabi

Organisational development and organisatins effectiveness and viabi The most bizarre thing about Organisational development is that there is not a single definition capable of explaining it properly; in simple terms Organisational development can be regarded as planned change concept, organisation wide effort to increase an organisations effectiveness and viability. Organization development is interdisciplinary in nature and draws on sociology, personality, psychology, and theories of motivation. It is considered both applied behavioural science focused on understanding and managing organizational change as well as a field of scientific study and enquiry (en.wikipedia.orgwiki/organization_development). Kurt Lewin (1898-1947) is credited with the origin and development as it is his work on Group dynamics and Action-Research which corroborates the basic OD process. Going through the history it would be worth saying that 1960s were the Influential period of T-group which saw the inculcation of Lewins Force Field analysis and organisational theory (Lawre nce and Lorsch, 1967; Argyris, 1962; Harisson, 1963, 66). Planned change approach coined by Kurt Lewin is corroborated by the humanistic and democratic values and had its focus upon resolving group issues and improvement through the involvement of managers, employees and a change consultant (Bernard Burnes, 2004). Till 1980s planned Change was the dominant approach to manage organisational change, however by 1980s it faced harsh criticism regarding the ability to stand for the organisations operating in dynamic and unpredictable environments. This essay will discuss the origin and objectives of Organisational development. Going further insights will be developed regarding the evolution of organisational development and its present scenario. Critical evaluation and comparison will be done in order to determine the difference between the present one and the original developed and to understand whether Organisational development still hold its purpose and coherence. ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT It will be worth saying that it is an uphill task to put Organisational development under a single definition. In an organisation team building with top corporate management, Job enrichment in manufacturing are all examples of Organisational development (Cummings and Worley). Some definitions of Organisational development are described as under Organisational development is a Planned process of change in an organisations culture through the utilization of behavioural science technology, research and theory. (Warner Burke) Organisational development is An effort (1) planned, (2) organisation-wide, and (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase organisational effectiveness and health through (5) planned interventions in the organisations processes using behavioural science knowledge. (Richard Beckhard) Organisation development refers to a Long-range effort to improve an organisations problem-solving capabilities and its ability to cope with changes in its external environment with the help of external or internal behavioural-scientist consultants, or change agents, as they are sometimes called. (Wendell French) Organisational development is Long term, planned changes in the culture, technology and management of a total organisation or at least significant part of the total organisation. (Jamieson, Bach Kallick and Kur, 1984) From the above explained definitions it is quite obvious that all of them differ on several important dimensions such as some focus on culture, some on the importance of top management support while other on the importance of technology, there is no doubt that do exhibit some common features Organisational development is concerned with managing planned change targeting organisation-wide issues, problems and challenges. Organisational development is basically a data-driven process, collected through process of action research by ways such as observations, assessments and surveys. Intent of organisational development to improve organisational effectiveness and it serves the purpose of both the creation as well as the subsequent reinforcement of change. Organisational development is concerned with the change in strategy, structure and/or process of an entire system. Organisational development is based upon the application and transfer of behavioural knowledge and practice such as leadership, group dynamics, and organization design. (Cummings and Worley, 2005) An attempt have been made by Cummings and Worley to incorporate most of the views expressed in various definitions through the very definition explained below Organisation development is a system wide application and transfer of behavioural science knowledge to the planned development, improvement, and reinforcement of the strategies, structures and processes that lead to organisation effectiveness. Organisational development had its origin in the 1960s when the need of Organisational health preponderant. Organisational development tends to works by acknowledging the dysfunctions and correcting them in order to retain equilibrium. Initial approaches to Organisational development was developed on the theories of Kurt Lewin who described it as a planned change and is based on Field theory, Group dynamics, Action Research and Three step model. Apart from significant work carried out by Kurt Lewin there are other prominent researchers in this field such as Bullock and Batten(1985) who proposed a four phase model of planned change Exploration phase, Planning phase, Action phase and Integration phase. It will be worth mentioning that in spite of the extensive work carried the focus was on change at Individual and Group level ignoring the organisations in their entirety. The main objectives of Organisation development are to address and smoothen the process of change that will in turn help the organisation to achieve greater effectiveness. Evolution of Organisational Development Organisational development have emerged from five basic backgrounds or stems as described below (Cummings and Worley) Growth of National Training Laboratories (NTL) and development of training groups known as T-groups. This very stem of Organisational development pioneered the T-Group a small, unstructured group in which the participants are expected to gain from their own interactions and developing dynamics such as interpersonal relations, leadership, and group dynamics. With the passage of time T- Groups have declined on their importance as OD intervention and is often associated with the reputation of Organisational development as touchy-feely process. The practical aspects of T-Group organisations are better known as team building and worth saying that it is one of the institutionalized forms of Organisational development today. Inculcation of action research as a way of applying research to managing change. An important feature of action research was survey feedback. It was well-understood that in order to manage change research needs to be in close ties with action. Action research was seen as two-pronged process and it focuses on the fact that change requires action that can be achieved by carefully analysing the situation properly, looking out for all the possible alternatives and going for the most apt. to situation at hand (Bennet, 1983). Action research stresses that change can only be effective if it is taken at the group level by involving concerned ones and it must be a participative and collaborative process. (French and Bell, 1984; Lewin, 1947b). One of the key components of action research studies was the systematic collection of survey data that was fed back. The third one is associated with a normative view i.e. One best way to manage organisations. The third stem that popped out was the normative view which closely held the view that Human relations approach represents a One best way to manage organisations. Furthermore, this normative belief was illustrated by through Likerts Participative Management style i.e. Participative Group systems and Blake and Moutons Grid OD program with organisational effectiveness. (R. Likert, 1967; R. Blake and J. Mouton, 1964) The fourth stem can very well be described as the approach focusing on quality of work life and productivity. This very stem or we can say the background to OD can be described under two phases that initially took off by the projects developed and their emergence in 1950s, 60s and lasted until mid 1970s. This phase of QWL programs were concerned with providing employees high levels of discretion, task variety and feedback about results. One of the main characteristic of QWL was Self-managing groups as a form of work design. It lost its importance during 1970s due to other important and emerging issues such as inflation and energy costs. Second phase of QWL extended its scope and inculcated other features such as work flows, reward systems, management styles that effect employee productivity and satisfaction and is known by the term Employee Involvement. (Cummings and Worley, 05) The fifth and last stem of organisational development involves strategic change and organisation transformation. The latest of Strategic change background have an overarching influence on Organisational Developments evolution. In current scenario the environments known as technological, socio-political environments are more complex and uncertain than ever before which in turns calls for planned change process and strategic perspective from Organisational development (D. Naddler, 1988). Strategic change intervention helps to improve both the organisational effectiveness and its relationship to its environment. Moreover, Strategic changes to organisational development have made its presence felt in mergers and acquisitions, alliance formation. (M. Marks and P.Mirvis, 1998). All the above explained five stems have great influence on the current practice of organisational development as well as by the trends that are responsible of shaping change in the organisations. The commonality between all the backgrounds is that all wholeheartedly support the transfer of knowledge and skill to the client system and making them capable of managing better change. This field of organisational development is on a growth spree as it can be witnessed through the new researchers, theorists, practitioners who are building their work on the work of early pioneers and making it perfect for the contemporary situations. Findings Organisational change as a planned discipline is concerned with the application of behavioural knowledge and practice in order to help organisation to achieve greater effectiveness but growing with the evolution phase, Current phase of organisational development goes far beyond its humanistic origins and it will be worth saying that as now a days practitioners of Organisational development took a more prescriptive approach as compared to early pioneers of Organisation development who took analytical approach. Lawrence and Lorsch (1969) draw organisational development in terms of activities at three interfaces Organisation to environment, Group to group, and Individual to organisation. Till 1980s planned change approach as coined by Kurt Lewin with its set of tools, techniques and practitioners was the dominant approach in managing organisational change unless it faced criticism from certain quarters regarding its inability to cope up with emerging and coercive situations such as dyn amic and unpredictable environments. Even in todays scenario there is a continuing argument over the proper definition, its state of art and the skills required for practising it. Despite certain limitations cited who have opposed it by saying that Planned change is more flexible and holistic approach than it is being considered and is en route on a transition phase from being a miscellany of certain devices to becoming a mature, usable set of principles and procedures for organisational change (Cummings and Worley, 2001; French and Bell, 1995; Robert L.Kahn, 2002). The problems cited with Planned change to change are that it was developed for the organisations operating in Top-down, autocratic environment (Wooten and White, 1999:8). It also have been criticized on the other note that it is more emphasized on Incremental and isolated change rather than its ability to cope up with more radical and transformational change (Dawson,1994 ; Schein,1985). Planned change is more suitable fo r the group and individual context but lacks strength for system-wide change. One of the problems of organisational development is the inclusion of conversational and commercial terms as independent variables such as T-Group training as a number of activities lies with the preference of trainer itself (Back, 1972). Other problem that can be cited is that Organisational development relies too much on the expertise and experience of trainees and change agent. Though often the process of planned change in terms of three successive phases Unfreezing, Moving and Freezing is often quoted without proper understanding of it as well as the Lewinian quasi-stationary equilibrium is often seen but without undergoing any proper system conceptualization calls for more serious attention so that a more holistic approach can be developed in managing Organisational change. In a nutshell, it can be said that it is not fruitful to look solely at group and individual level, the need is to look for the organisations in their entirety as seen from the concepts developed by Kurt Lewin. Organisational development practitioners have understood the importance of understanding organisational culture and organisational learning. The concepts coined by Kurt Lewin and others pioneers in this field are still relevant and needs a more in-depth understanding. The need of the hour is the conjugation of the emergent approaches such as punctuated-equilibrium, continuous transformation models with the existing approaches so that more benefits can be realized in terms of organization effectiveness by achieving planned organisational change. In the end it is worth mentioning that organisational development is not that Strategic and this is the prime reason why Organisational development have lost its purpose and coherence. Though there has not been a single approach for Org anisational Development but the combination of all the approaches make it a very coherent approach and it needs to be developed with the ever changing scenario so that nothing affects its suitability. References en.wikipedia.orgwiki/organization_development. Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967; Argyris, 1962; Harisson, 1963, 66 Bernard Burnes, 2004 ; Managing Change W.Burke, Organisation Development: Principles and Practice (Boston: Little,Brown, 1982); Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) W. French, Organization development: objectives, Assumptions, and Strategies, California Management Review 12,2 (1969):23-24; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) R. Beckhard, Organisational Development :Strategies and models (Reading,Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1969) ; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) (Jamieson, Bach Kallick and Kur, 1984); Introduction and overview of Organisational Development as a data driven approach for Organisational change ( Janine Waclawski, Allan H.Church) Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) Bullock and Batten, 1985; Bernard Burnes, 2004 (Managing Change) French and Bell, 1984; Lewin, 1947b; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) R. Likert, 1967; R. Blake and J. Mouton, 1964; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) D. Naddler, 1988; M. Marks and P.Mirvis, 1998; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) Cummings and Worley, 2001; French and Bell, 1995; Robert L.Kahn, 2002; Wooten and White, 1999:8; Organisational development : Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002) Dawson,1994 ; Schein,1985; Organisational development : Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002) Back, 1972; Organisational development : Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002)

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market Essay

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market The main aims of this research are to acquire an understanding of the conditions of the art market and to develop a critical knowledge of the commercial art world and the relevant international market. The idea that the international art market is a regulator in the post academy art world has implications on the formation of prices and values in the art market, due to the macroeconomic reality, political and cultural changes of this period. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts continued to produce many important artists. It lost its power only at the turn of the century when it failed to acknowledge radical styles such as Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The downfall of academic art also was hastened by economic changes in the art market, which included the growth of independent exhibitions and the development of private sales galleries. Over these years, the unsettled system of financial market which the art market became part of has evolved into a greater conscience of the complex behaviour of the individual in his The commercial market economy has been favourable for the development of the arts. Therefore, the market limits the supply of art and antiques studying the consumer economic preference. Hence, market segmentation, division of labour and specialisation caused a division between high and low culture, and separate good art from junk art. In this way, the art market should select the talented artists in a free and wealthy society that allows a very large number of artists to have more opportunities becoming financially independent and to acquire artistic freedom. Although, the role played by the dealer in the market, as cultural entrepreneur, is important for maintain the value of the product. In this instance, how best the international art market can be organized, what is the best way to balance the supply of art and what is the market's purpose through the dissociation of good art from junk art. The market must restrict the supply of art and antiques selecting the talented artists, good art, thereafter raising the relative value of a work of art. Therefore and based on this statement, this essay will consider arguments for the market as the regulator of the supply of art and point out some of the problems with this market's function  «What is ... ...Priceless: Art, Artists and Economics. (New York: Basic) HEILBRUN, J. and GRAY, C.M., 1993. The Economics of Art and Culture, An American Perspective (Cambridge University Press) JEFFRI, J., 1983. Arts Money, Raising it, Saving it and Earning it (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) OWEN, V.L., 1979. "The Effects of Mass Markets on Artistic Quality", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.3, no2 REITLINGER, G., 1961. The Economics of Taste, vol I, The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices, 1760-1960 (Holt: Rhinehart & Winston) ROBERTSON, I.A., 2000. The Emerging Art Markets of Great China 1989-1999 (London: City University) SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge Printers) SINGER, L.P., 1988. "Phenomenology and Economics of Art Markets: An Art Historical Perspective", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.12, no1 STEIN, J.P., 1977. "The Monetary Appreciation of Paintings". The Journal of Political Economy, vol.85-5. THROSBY, D., 2001. Economics and Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press) Web Sites: www.artprice.com --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge printers) p.13.

Nothing Good Ever Comes from Violence

The twentieth century was the century of discovery for life . Dreadful diseases like diphtheria and leprosy were halted; sterile women have been given children; handicapped people were made a part of society. Numerous vaccines have been found to stop the most dangerous diseases. New technologies have enabled the creation of better conditions for life. International humanitarian organizations were felt all over the world where living conditions were not acceptable. Humanitarian aid have been sent many times where they were needed: Africa, Haiti, Pakistan, etc..Under these conditions, feeding his superego with illusions, man has become complacent. He is gracious and fair. He is, finally, human. However, what ultimately is not understood is that violence, which has its roots deep infiltrated in human consciousness , cancels all these developments. For each cured disease , hundreds of ways to return it are invented. For every child saved in high-tech hospitals there are another hundred k illed innocent children. Not a virus manages to disappear as we rush to replace it with another. Violence is everywhere.In this situation , the following idea needs to be understood : violence , in the common perception of this word, destroys everything we dream for. In this essay I will try to argue my thesis, demonstrating why each type of violence in part must be avoided. In the beginning, I’m obliged to clarify the essence of the term violence. Violence is the expression of physical and / or verbal force of one person against himself or another person / group of persons ,that brings the pain to whom it is addressed. There are several forms of violence : Physical, Sexual, Emotional, Psychological, Spiritual, Cultural, Verbal, Financial.Each one is a tragedy for one against whom it is directed. Violence is a primal part of human nature. Since ancient times, it has governed human acts. His destructive tendencies and self-defense were the ones that have characterized all his actions. However, for some time, the state claims, for better or worse, a monopoly on violence practiced within the confines of a specific territory ( Max Weber) ,realised by law and education, to impose the man to conform himself to cooperation and group working, whitch is much more effective and productive than the free violence.Violence is everywere. In families were husbands abuse their wives and children we speak about domestic violence. Domestic violence' is a specific form of violence in which physical, psychological, or sexual abuse is perpetuated by one spouse upon another, or by both partners upon each other. It is caused by many factors , including : the pure impuls control , lack of education,social stress, need of power and control, mental illnesses , etc. Domestic violence has a lot of negative results. Broken bones, head injuries ,internal bleeding are some of the acute effects .Hundreds of thousands of dead women and children annually: it is the result of domestic vi olence. And those who survive have a nightmare during all their life. A life marked by depresion, stress, fear, and anxiety. These symptoms are generally experienced for a long span of time after the victim has left the dangerous situation. But problems do not stop there. If victims can escape the abusers, they are tortured by the society. They don’t have money , they don’t have the ability to get money, they don’t have friends that can help them†¦ This leads many times to the suicide.For children, domestic violence can become an enormous psychological trauma that will change the perception of the world. For example, Hitler was physically abused by his father in childhood. Because of this, he became a sociopath and did what he did. Franz Kafka was educated under the moral domination of his father, which made him one of the biggest pessimists in the history of mankind. So, the domestic violence pursues its victims till the grave. War is another manifestation of violence on a very large scale. It is thought to be the key of solving of the territorial, ideological and resources problems.During the war, violence is encouraged in the highest level. After the Industrial Revolution, that is percepted as a very good event, the number of war victims has grown. For example, World War I has caused 40 mln victims and World War II – 70 mln. New technologies are constantly developed to ensure the governments of all countries with weapons to bring as many victims as possible. From the machinegun to the atomic bomb, every discovery is greeted with applause. Death smiles at us and we applaud. Then we go home, satisfied of ourselves, and criticize the politicians.We applaud, but then we close our eyes in front of terror victims. Do you think that after Hitler has caused 50 million victims in his war people haven’t made new weapons? Do you think that after Hiroshima and Nagasaki haven’t appeared new types of atomic bombs? We applaud them all. Every year on May 9, Russia shows its military force one the Red Square. And we applaud, proud of what we’ve created. While we’re applauding, millions of Africans die in civil wars, progress in the black continent can not be put on wheels, people dying of hunger because of civil wars.And we applaud. Much more horrible are the conflicts caused by religious, racial and national hate. During the middle age, near 300  000 people ( especially women ) were killed because of their religion. The Jews were killed and chased all other the Europe. The Crusades against Muslim have caused a lot of human and material prejudice. Interracial hatred, maintained by Ku Klux Klan in America, which has started since the late 19th century and continue fruitful so far, does not allow free evolution of American democracy, as well as the evolution of democracy all other the world.Thousands of people are killed in Russia, according to race. The new national-socialist organization a re growing rapidly . In a world where the Hungarian National Socialist Party gain 9% in the elections, progress is a castle on sand. Well†¦ This is our world – a world of violence. It surrounds us , wispers sweet words to our ears , decieve our eyes, feed our egos by illusions, and continues its very productive work. Millions of people die from violence.Is not it enough that we die because of pollution and unhealthy way of life? Should we help nature in the murder? Is it not time that the understanding between people to become the engine of a better life? We arrived at times when the slightest mistake could cost us a lot. We are on an unstable platform and only on us depens our future. A future soaked in the blood of violence or dried by the Sun of welfare. It’s our turn to choose now. Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically

Baroque Era Test Essays

Baroque Era Test Essays Baroque Era Test Paper Baroque Era Test Paper Essay Topic: Poetry During the seventeenth century, women who desired a public voice through music often joined a: convent Which of the following was a reason that a woman would join a convent during the seventeenth century? a. to avoid an unwanted marriage b. to seek asylum after being widowed c. to have an outlet for musical talent d. all of the above d. all of the above the canticle of Mary is generally known as the Magnificat during which service does the magnificat occur? vespers what services did Chiara Margarita Cozzolani provide for the convent of St. Radegonda? a. director of choirs b. abbess and prioress c. composer d. all of the above d. all of the above what is a type of music NOT composed by Chiara Margarita Cozzolani? the secular cantata the dramatic and mystical qualities of Cozzolanis setting of the Magnificat are similar to those of what other significant artwork? Beninis Ecstasy of Teresa Of the following, which characterizes Cozzolanis music for the Magnificat? a. imitative polyphony throughout b. an ABA structure c. expressive and rich in word-painting d. all of the above a? imitative polyphony throughout? (I wasnt sure about this one) what are the performing forces for Cozzolanis magnificat? two choirs, two soprano soloists, and organ and strings the prayer of praise at the end of the Magnificat is called the doxology a drama that is sung is called a opera the vocal style in opera that imitates the natural inflections of speech is called recitative a highly emotional song in an opera is called a aria the orchestral introduction at the beginning of an opera is called the overture the text of an opera is called the libretto what composer is regarded as the first master of opera? ? which cultural center rejected italian opera? France a type of English entertainment combining music, poetry, and dance was called the masque the greatest native-born English composer of Baroque was Henry Purcell Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas was composed for a production at a girls school who was the librettist of Purcells Dido and Aeneas? Nahum Tate what epic poem was the basis for Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas? Virgils Aeneid Dido sings her famous lament in Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas just prior to: killing herself Didos lament for Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas is composed over a ground base Luther believed that music belonged to the congregation in the Lutheran church, the weekly hymns sung by the congregation were called chorales which of the following does NOT describe the chorale? a. intended to be sung by the congregation b. four part harmony c. text in german d. simple and memorable melodies b. sang in four part harmonies the sacred cantata was an integral part of the lutheran church service the expansion of the chorale with new poetry resulted in the cantata during his musical career, Johann Sebastian Bach held position of: a. cantor of St. Thomans Church in Leipzig b. court organist and chamber musician to the duke of Weimar c. court musician to the prince of Ahjalt-Cothen d. all of the above d. all of the above Johann Sebastian Bach was most famous in his day as a performer on the organ what would listeners hear in a typical Bach chorale? intricate choral movements what is the form of the chorale tune Wachet Auf? bar form (AAB) Bachs cantata no. 140, Wachet Auf, has how many movements? seven the opening movement of Bachs cantata Wachet Auf is best described as a grand chorale fantasia the fourth movement of Bachs cantata Wachet Auf has three musical lines: unison choir, unison strings, and continuo Handels Messiah is a oratorio What is Handels most famous oratorio, frequently performed today? Messiah Why is Messiah so popular in Britain and America today? a. sung in english b. first part is appropriate for the christmas season c. it combines vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra d. all of the above d. all of the above which of the following does NOT characterize an oratorio? a. elaborate scenery b. recitatives c. arias d. choruses a. elaborate scenery the stories for oratorios are generally drawn from the Bible George Frideric Handel is considered master of the oratorio Who was born in Germany and studied in Italy, but spend much of his creative life in England? Handel When Handel arrived in London, he established his fame by composing oratorios Later in life, Handel turned his efforts from the opera to the oratorio the subject of the second part of Messiah is the death of christ the orchestra for Messiah relies primarily on the strings Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion from Messiah is an example of a da capo aria what is ritornello? an instrumental refrain in an aria the famous choral climax of Handels Messiah is the Hallelujah Chorus which of the following does NOT characterize the Hallelujah Chorus? a. varied dynamics b. fugal passages c. homophonic passages d. a cappella setting d. a cappella setting in seventeenth century New England, the puritan practice of singing that is based on call and response was called lining-out what is the basic texture of the practice of lining-out? monophonic why was lining-out developed? a. most people could not read music b. most people could not afford to buy a psalm book c. the church wanted everyone to participate equally in services d. all of the above d. all of the above what is heterophonic texture? the simultaneous performance of slight variants of the same melody which of the following was NOT a musical development in the seventeenth century? a. polyphonic settings of sacred music began to appear b, singing schools began teaching music c. american composers were discouraged from writing music d. shape-note singing was developed a. polyphonic settings of sacred music began to appear which of the following does NOT characterize shape-note notation? a. it was created in order to standardize sacred melodies b. it was based on solfege, syllables used to memorize music c. the shape of a note denoted its solfege syllable d. it was first applied to tutorials for piano playing d. it was first applied to tutorials for piano playing how can the career of William Billings be described? he knew several leaders of the American Revolution Billingss best-known publication is The New England Psalm Singer the form of Billingss Davids Lamentation is ABB what is the texture of Billingss Davids Lamentation? homophonic with solos and duets of the following, what contributes to the simplicity of Billingss Davids Lamentation? a. mostly stepwise melodies b. consonant harmonies c. duple meter and regular rhythmic patterns d. all of these d. all of these what describes Spanish attitudes toward indigenous American peoples? they tried to reconcile local beliefs and christianity which of the following musical activities in NOT associated with Gaspar Fernanded? a. playing organ b. composing operas c. teaching music to choirboys d. collecting music performed in Mexico at the time b. composing operas which of the following does NOT characterize the villancico by Fernandes? a. images of christianity mixed with those of the aztec religion b. an ensemble refrain c. notation that includes parts for organ and other instruments d. a frequent short-long rhythm c. notation that includes parts for organ and other instruments the first era of western music history in which instrumental music was a major focus for composers was the Baroque which of the following does NOT describe instrumental music in the Baroque era? a. the flowering of instrumental music was largely encouraged by wealthy patrons b. elaborate instrumental music often accompanied grand celebrations c. new technologies made more sophisticated instruments possible d. instrumental music became the central focus of western concert music at this time d. instrumental music became the central focus of western concert music at this time which of the following is NOT a major difference between Baroque and modern violins? a. the general shape of the instrument b. the type of strings c. the playing techniques d. the cost of the instrument a. the general shape of the instrument during the Baroque, which of the woodwind instruments became associated with a somber mood? bassoon which of the following instruments was NOT made of wood during Baroque? a. recorder b. oboe c. trumpet d. flute c. trumpet which of the following does NOT characterize the Baroque suite? a. consists of a series of dances b. movements are in contrasting keys c. each movements is a dance type from a different country d. the movements have contrasts of tempo and character b. movements are in contrasting keys which of the following dance types was NOT standard in a Baroque suite? a. allemande b. sarabande c. courante d. tarantella d. tarantella what is the most common form of the individual movement in a suite? binary baroque composers applied the concept of the suite to: a. solo instrumental music b. keyboard music c. orchestral music d. all of the above d. all of the above handels Water Music is best described as suite why is the music for Handels Water Music marked by lively rhythms and catchy melodies? it was written to be performed outdoors on barges the Alla hornpipe movement from Water Music is characterized by instrumental groups exchanging motivic ideas the instrumental form based on the contrast of two dissimilar bodies of sound is called a concerto the typical solo concerto has how many movements? 3 the *blank* form in a concerto is loosely based on the alternation between orchestral statements and virtuosic passages for the soloist. ritornello a ritornello form in a concerto is typically found in the first and third movements who was the greatest and most prolific italian composer of concertos? Vivaldi antonia vivaldi was known as the red priest for the color of his hair vivaldi lived and worked in Venice What is Vivaldis best-known set of concertos? The Four Seasons the solo instrument in Spring from The Four Seasons is the violin Which of the following does NOT characterize Vivaldis Four Seasons? a. based on poems b. avoid ritornello form c. convey pictoral images d. structured in three movement forms b. avoid ritornello the opening movement of Spring from The Four Seasons is in what form? ritornello in the slow movement of Spring, Vivaldi evokes a dogs parking through an ostinato rhythm which of the following was NOT an important keyboard instrument during the Baroque? a. harpsichord b. piano c. organ d. clavichord b. piano What keyboard instrument is plucked by quills? harpsichord the harpsichord is different from the piano because: a. sometimes has two keyboards b. strings are plucked c. not capable of wide dynamic range d. all of the above d. all of the above the keyboard instrument that uses various sets of pipes to create contrasting colors is? organ what is toccata? an improvisatory, virtuosic keyboard work what is the keyboard form that is based on the principle of voices imitating each other? fugue what is the principal element of a fugue? counterpoint after the first statement of the fugue subject, the second entrance of the subject is called the answer the opening section of a fugue, in which all voices successively introduce the subject is called the exposition in a fugue, the areas of relaxation where the subject is not heard are called episodes which of the following is NOT a contrapuntal device that alters the orginal theme of a fugue? a. augmenation b. retrograde c. prelude d. diminution c. prelude in a fugue, the technique of stating the theme in shorter time values that go faster is called diminution in the field of keyboard music, Bachs most important collection was the well-tempered clavier what is the title of a set of 48 preludes and fugues by Bach? the well-tempered clavier how many preludes and fugues are contained in the two well tempered clavier volumes? 48 Bachs last demonstration of contrapuntal mastery was the art of the fugue how many voices or individual lines are there in Bachs contrapunctus 1, from the art of the fugue? four by which voice is the subject first stated in contrapunctus 1 from the art of the fugue? alto TRUE or FALSE: Creative voices from groups excluded from equal opportunity seldom have any emotional impact. False TRUE or FALSE: Women who made a name for themselves as professional musicians were often viewed as having low morals. True TRUE or FALSE: The convent of St. Radegonda in Milan was famous for its music-making. True TRUE or FALSE: The Catholic Church supported the performances of nuns in public and their use of polyphony. False TRUE or FALSE: In convents, men frequently joined the nuns choir in order to perform the bass parts. False TRUE or FALSE: Although coming from the family of a wealthy Milanese merchant, Chiara Margarita Cozzolani entered a convent and professed her final vows at age eighteen. True TRUE or FALSE: In Cozzolanis Magnificat, the choirs often sing in homophony. True TRUE or FALSE: In opera, the lyric melodies that release emotional tension are called recitatives. False TRUE or FALSE: Early operas, such as Monteverdis Orfeo, were simple productions for intimate gatherings. False TRUE or FALSE: The first public opera houses opened in Venice. True TRUE or FALSE: In seventeenth-century England, the masque was a popular type of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal instrumental music with poetry and dance. True TRUE or FALSE: Purcells Dido and Aeneas was first performed in a public opera house. False TRUE or FALSE: The aria When I am laid in earth is unified by a ground bass on a descending chromatic scale. True TRUE or FALSE: The aria When I am laid in earth is accompanied by continuo only. False TRUE or FALSE: Luther believed that professional musicians had no place in a church service. False TRUE or False: A chorale is a hymn tune associated with German Protestantism. True TRUE or FALSE: Chorales were intended to be sung by a trained choir. False TRUE or FALSE: The texts for chorales were always taken directly from the Bible. False TRUE or FALSE: Bach completed over two hundred cantatas. True TRUE or FALSE: Johann Sebastian Bach lived a short, unhappy life and had no children. False TRUE or FALSE: During his lifetime, Johann Sebastian Bach was known primarily as a great organist. True TRUE or FALSE: All the movements of Bachs Cantata No. 140 make use of the chorale tune Wachet auf. False TRUE or FALSE: In Wachet auf, Bach avoids mirroring the form of the chorale in his chorale movements. False TRUE or FALSE: A bar form has the structure of A-A-B. True TRUE or FALSE: An oratorio is a dramatic, staged work with elaborate scenery and costumes. False TRUE or FALSE: The role of a chorus is especially important in the oratorio. True TRUE or FALSE: Handel wrote his oratorio Messiah over a period of four years. False TRUE or FALSE: The libretto for Handels oratorio Messiah is a compilation of verses from the Old and New Testaments. True TRUE or FALSE: Handels Messiah is divided into three parts. True TRUE or FALSE: Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion is in bar form. False TRUE or FALSE: The Hallelujah Chorus is the climax of the Christmas section of Messiah. False TRUE or FALSE: Handels Hallelujah Chorus includes a variety of textures. True TRUE or FALSE: Lining-out was a system designed to promote polyphony in America. False TRUE or FALSE: Lining-out often involved heterophony. True TRUE or FALSE: Shape-note notation was designed to help the general public read music. True TRUE or FALSE: William Billings was the first highly trained composer active in America. False TRUE or FALSE: Billingss four-part compositions generally placed the main melody in the soprano. False TRUE or FALSE: The text for Billingss Davids Lamentation is derived from the Bible. True TRUE or FALSE: Missionaries taught American natives plainchant exclusively in Latin. False TRUE or FALSE: The incorporation of percussion instruments in Fernandess villancico is not indicated in the score but suggested by various historical documents. True TRUE or FALSE: The Renaissance period was the first in which instrumental music was comparable in importance to vocal music. False TRUE or FALSE: Stradivarius, Guarneri, and Amati were famous makers of violins during the Baroque era. True TRUE or FALSE: The invention of valves enable Baroque trumpet players to become virtuosos. False TRUE or FALSE: Today, Baroque music is played exclusively on modern instruments. False TRUE or FALSE: The standard Baroque suite consists of a variety of international dance types. True TRUE or FALSE: Baroque suites were composed for orchestra only. False TRUE or FALSE: Handels Water Music received its name because of the depiction of waves in the Alla hornpipe. False TRUE or FALSE: The Alla hornpipe from Handels Water Music is in ternary form. True TRUE or FALSE: The typical Baroque concerto is written for a solo instrument with a continuo accompaniment. False TRUE or FALSE: The concerto lends itself to virtuoso playing. True TRUE or FALSE: The tempos in a three-movement concerto are Adagio-Allegro-Andante. False TRUE or FALSE: Antonio Vivaldi composed over two hundred concertos for solo violin. True TRUE or FALSE: Vivaldi lived in Rome, where he taught music at a girls school. False TRUE or FALSE: Bach composed the famous set of works known as the Brandenburg Concertos. True TRUE or FALSE: The Four Seasons is considered to be program music. True TRUE or FALSE: In Spring from The Four Seasons, all of the images are created in the orchestra passages. True TRUE or FALSE: The most important keyboard instruments of the Baroque were the harpsichord, organ and piano. False TRUE or FALSE: The strings of a harpsichord are plucked by quills. True TRUE or FALSE: The advantage of the harpsichord was its ability to produce crescendos and diminuendos. False TRUE or FALSE: The organ has multiple keyboards. True TRUE or FALSE: A fugue is a contrapuntal composition in which a single subject is the focal point that unifies the work. True TRUE or FALSE: A fugue is a form intended exclusively for solo keyboard performance. False TRUE or FALSE: At the beginning of a fugue, the countersubject is stated alone. False TRUE or FALSE: Johann Sebastian Bachs Art of Fugue is now generally considered to be a keyboard work. False

Post Communistic Countries essays

Post Communistic Countries essays During the last months of 1991 the Soviet empire simply disintegrated into its constituent republics and was finally given a decent burial on December 25. The economic situation in the former union grew more and more catastrophic, and ethnic tensions worsened. President Yeltsin of Russia stood forth as the most decisive leader of an extremely difficult transition era. This sudden collapse of a vast multinational empire and superpower was virtually unprecedented in world history. These cataclysmic events proved profoundly traumatic for the peoples of the former Soviet Union and for an anxious world. By 1990 the Soviet Union politically, economically and in national terms was an empire in crisis and turmoil. Gorbachev had sought unsuccessfully to lead a perilous transition from Brezhnev`s authoritarian, centralized system toward pluralism and market socialism. He had moved far beyond Khrushcev in encouraging a pitiless examination of previous Soviet policies and history, inducing many to question sharply the legitimacy of the Soviet regime. In the spring and summer of 1990, amid unredeemed promises of drastic economic change, political reform and national disintegration accelerated. With the Supreme Soviet Boris Yeltsin, favoring radical reform, helped organize a left-wing opposition to Gorbachev, supported on most issues by Andrei Sakharov. On April 23, Gorbachev met with Yeltsin and leaders of eight other republics at a dacha at Novo Ogarevo near Moscow. They agreed upon term of new union treaty that would create a loose federation in place of the old Soviet Union. In June, after a free and vigorous election campaign, Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Republic on the first ballot, giving him, unlike Gorbachev, an undeniable popular mandate. Sigmund Krancberg: A Soviet Postmortem Krancberg argues that the grand failure of the Soviet ...

Professional Communication of the Conference Essay

Professional Communication of the Conference - Essay Example At this time the President of "Fiber Optic Inc." Mr. Johnson will make his keynote address to the participants. You are invited to visit his address as it will give you details about how we will work in the following days. The address will be held at the hotel in the California Ballroom. Immediately after the President's address, the company's main exhibit will be opened on the convention floor. You are invited to participate in its opening so that in the following days you can revisit the already familiar exhibit with some specific interests that you may develop during the workshops. We have tried to organize the conference in such a way that you will have free time for visiting interesting sights in our city. From our part, we would recommend visiting the city art gallery where you will find a lot of interesting works of art in different genres as well as will have a chance to witness the live Internet videoconference with a Japanese art gallery. The videoconference is to take place on April 12, 2005, at 4 PM and our company is proud to be the technical sponsor of this regular event. During the conference, we will be providing three meals a day in the conference restaurant.

Should I vote for a second fiscal stimulus bill Essay

Should I vote for a second fiscal stimulus bill - Essay Example l investments by performing two things: cutting taxes levied on households and firms, thus increasing disposable income, the money that consumers can spend on goods and services and increasing the incentives of creating new businesses; or it may itself spend more to increase the level of demand. Since a fiscal stimulus translates to an increase in government purchases, our focus is on the latter policy. Now consider an increase in government purchases: An increase in government purchases increases planned expenditure, which then in turn stimulates the production of goods and services and thus increases income. In a pragmatist fashion, when the government spends to create livelihood projects, the number of jobs increases and so does the production of goods and services. This however has ramifications because as people have more income, their demand for products increase, thus they would want to spend more and save less. This in turn increases the interest rate to give people more incentive to save in banks. However, this interest rate however is the same interest rate that firms consider before borrowing money from the bank and investing in a business venture. And this is where the trade-off stems from because the higher the interest rate, the less likely firms will build new businesses and contribute to the increase in output of goods and services and, of course, to economic output or income. Hence, just by simple deduction, a fiscal stimulus really swings both ways in affecting our gross domestic product. To put things in perspective, according to the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the unemployment rate decreased from 10.2 percent last October to 10.00 percent this November. Productivity increased from 6.9 percent during the 2nd quarter of 2009, to 8.1 percent during the 3rd quarter of the same year. Also, the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics also reports a projection of total employment to increase by 15.3 million, or 10.1