Representation Of The Female Body Image And The Mass Media

REPRESENTATION OF HOW WOMEN PROMOTE EXCERSISE IN NEW ZEALAND MEDIA AND HOW IT AFFECTS FEMALES Female Body Image and the Mass Media: Perspectives on How Women Internalize the Ideal Beauty Standard Representation of women in the media can change the way that the people of New Zealander’s think of themselves. Media has a powerful ability to reach many people and to influence and direct attitudes of our country’s behaviours and knowledge. - Magazines (the representation of kiwi identity they create) The cover of a magazine is said to be its most important feature. It’s the cover that hooks people into purchasing it. Firstly because the thing they notice is a bold beautiful woman posing and blowing a kiss or towards you or another pose somewhat similar. Then the next step to hooking you in is the subheadings placed around the woman. â€Å"Get the body you’ve always wanted† or â€Å"fast fat burner work out† the media knows what women want now days. For example some images presented in exercise magazines include a photograph of a teen/woman slouched on a sofa with pizza and a television remote in her hand, representing the ‘fat’ side of the argument, which then you look onto the next page and you see two girls with a bikini on riding skateboards These girls are obviously older than the average 16 year old intended reader, and the girls are both smiling which would suggest that their form of exercise is not only good for you but great fun a s well. Young people reading, or evenShow MoreRelatedMedia s Effect On Teens986 Words   |  4 PagesThe American media industry generates approximately 600 billion dollars annually through its programming and advertisements. The economic system of the United States and tough market competition have led to a massive media boom, and being the largest industry in the United States in terms of revenue, The media have been successful in corrupting people’s mind, with young teens being the largest group of victims. In the current situation, our economic, social and political decisions are widely beingRead MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesdigital media is one of the primary sources for the creation of social constructions and is now considered the primary account regarding matters connected to mass media. However, it is essential to comprehend that, throughout mass media, individuals commonly referred to as â€Å"media gatekeepersà ¢â‚¬  now present the collective societal groups in an inaccurate depiction. Although these societal groups are presented throughout multiple arrays in society, it is through the immediate proliferation of mass mediaRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 PagesVisual images reinforce traditional gender and sexuality stereotypes through the manifestation of the masculine and feminine miens. An examination of print media advertisements highlights the social and cultural ideologies associated with traditional gender roles that are expected and imposed on by society. â€Å"Advertisements are deeply woven into the fabric of Western Culture, drawing on and reinforcing commonly held perceptions and beliefs† of gender and sexuality stereotypes. They have a strongRead MoreGender Essay in Art.1537 Words   |  7 Pagestowards gender, being mediated. Yasumasa Morimura appropriated historical works through the applications of modern technology and questioning the female gender. Morimura also has a scrutiny approach to determine if these historic masterpieces are appropriate in the period of mass media, innovating technology, mass production and growing female deliverance. As he contemplates that the â€Å"East meets west in my work, but I haven’t made an attempt to merge the two worlds. They exist in opposition†Read MoreThe Between Media And Body Image1348 Words   |  6 Pagesby the society and by the media. But women are affected that kind of construction. Mass media give narrow definition about the standard of beauty. Delis noticed this massage everywhere, especially in the media, â€Å"I am so affected by Glamour magazine and Vogue and all that; I’m looking at all these beautiful women. They’re thin. I want to be just as beautiful. I want to be just as thin. Because that is what guys like† (Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy 12). The media representation of the thin ideal has beenRead MoreWomen s Media And Gender Roles1492 Words   |  6 Pagesin society through the media. Mass media are a reflection of society informed by particular power and values (Stirinati, 2006). Although the representation of women is not a copy of reality, mass media act as image and message,’ should be’ a reflection or representation of society (Hollows, 2000). This contributes to condemn gender role in the media and in real society, which leads women to be annihilated and limited in the media. In 1978, Gaye Tuchman called womenâ €™s in media situation ‘symbolic annihilation’Read MoreCertain Groups Being Incorrectly Portrayed in Media767 Words   |  3 Pagescurrent issue involving certain groups being incorrectly portrayed in media, it is important to first understand exactly what mass media is. There are a variety of technical definitions for the term â€Å"mass media.† According to Britannica, â€Å"Media is used to pass on information to many people in a society† (â€Å"Media†). Merriam-Wenster claims media is a â€Å"mean of communication that is designed to reach the mass of the people† (â€Å"Mass Medium†). Recently, a spike of innovations has led to an increase of possibleRead MoreMedia s Impact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess an infinite amount of resources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billb oards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. The shift in media consumption has particularly been induced by the emergence of Social Networking Sites as well as other online platforms, which have become an integral part ofRead MoreAssessment of the View That Mass Media Perpetuates Stereotypes of Gender1265 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment of the View That Mass Media Perpetuates Stereotypes of Gender In this essay I will be writing about the way in which the mass media reinforces the idea of stereotypes of gender. The mass media has existed for many hundreds of years, and its role is to socialise us into different stereotypes such as Gender and Race. Gender is perhaps the basic category we use for sorting human beings. Essential ideas that we get about our own identity’s come from someone else’s Read MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Young Girls And Women1363 Words   |  6 Pagesjust buy products. â€Å"These media messages link thinness with love and happiness, often solely in terms of having the right body to attract the opposite sex† (Hesse-Biber 770). Women and girls of all ages are buying into an idea that is detrimental to their self worth, personal identity, and physical and mental health. Women would not be buying into these ideas if it were not for the men perpetuating them and forcing these stereotypes and unrealistic ideals onto women. Females in our society are gleaning

Should The Police Officer Be Suspended For Exercising His...

Early November 2016, a Michigan police officer was suspended for flying a Confederate flag from his pickup truck at a rally protesting the election of Donald Trump. The officer later resigned after his suspension. The confederal flag has several implication in United States. Many claim that flying of the Confederate flag is protected by the first amendment and regardless the implication it has on society, because individuals has the liberties to do so. Should the police officer be suspended for exercising his first Amendment right? Although, the police officer was merely exercising his first amendment right, he is a public servant. As a public servant a police officer voluntarily surrender some of their rights and delegate them to the community in which they serve. Undoubtedly, officers have a constitutional right to free speech, but also a code of conduct and other internal policies to abide by. Therefore, displaying of the confederate flag during the public gathering as a police officer is questionable and a potential violation to the department’s code of conduct. A police department’s â€Å"code of ethics† typically exists separately from the formalized set of rules and regulation. Normally, the code is imbedded within the department’s rules. Over the years, many law enforcement agencies have been instituting a distinct code of ethics upon their officers. A code of ethics, is defined as â€Å"a broader conceptual statement of expected agency goals and officer conduct. In thisShow MoreRelatedOfficer and Nonjudicial Punishment16878 Words   |  68 Pagespart V, MCM. No action should be taken under the authority of Article 15, UCMJ, without referring to the appropriate provisions of the MCM and this chapter. This chapter prescribes requirements, policies, limitations, and procedures for— a. Commanders at all levels imposing nonjudicial punishment. b. Members on whom this punishment is to be imposed. c. Other persons who may take some action with respect to the proceedings. 3–2. Use of nonjudicial punishment A commander should use nonpunitive measuresRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 PagesPolice Corruption: A Perspective View Into the Definition, Cause, Harm Randy Botelho BSLS Capstone, LS498-01 – Unit 9 Professor Odim December 17, 2011 Thesis Statement Corruption in law enforcement is not victimless and creates a negative perception of the United States legal system. Introduction There are few professions in the United States that are entrusted with protecting society’s safety and system of laws that have been established throughout the course of AmericanRead MoreIndian Polity and Social Issue16628 Words   |  67 PagesPolity Constitution Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of the government and spells out the fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens. Passed by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, it came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the declaration of independence of 1930. It declares theRead MoreTherapeutic Jurisprudence And The Uniform Code Of Military Justice7095 Words   |  29 Pagesthe legal and educational domain, have considered a vast range of topics through a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) lens, to include, the characteristics of mental disability law, family law, criminal law and criminal procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. But, nowhere has there been a comprehensive plea for therapeutic jurisprudence within the military. Until recently, little was written about the need for TJ within the military justice system or within the Uniform Code of MilitaryRead MoreTherapeutic Jurisprudence And The Uniform Code Of Military Justice7095 Words   |  29 Pagesthe legal and educational domain, have considered a vast range of topics through a Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) lens, to include, the characteristics of mental disability law, family law, criminal law and criminal procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. But, nowhere has there been a comprehensive plea for therapeutic jurisprudence within the military. Until recently, little was written about the need for TJ within the military justice system or within the Uniform Code of MilitaryRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23627 Words   |  95 PagesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA MEDIA LAW - 2007 1. DEFAMATION 1. Why a law of defamation? Every member of society has an interest in retaining his or her personal reputation and standing. All members of the community also have an interest in a free flow of information and communication. There is a tension between these two interests. The law represents a balance between personal interests in reputation on one hand and community interests in free speech andRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23639 Words   |  95 PagesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA MEDIA LAW - 2007 1. DEFAMATION 1. Why a law of defamation? Every member of society has an interest in retaining his or her personal reputation and standing. All members of the community also have an interest in a free flow of information and communication. There is a tension between these two interests. The law represents a balance between personal interests in reputation on one hand and community interests in free speech and an uninhibitedRead MoreThe Legality, Morality, Social Responsibility of Paying College Athletes8736 Words   |  35 Pagesproponents of collegiate athletes.starting to become more realistic. College athletes have two significant but competing interest during their tenure at post secondary schoolsfull time jobs. The generally accepted arrangements is that t They are students first; and then they are athletes. Interestingly,Yet, their names and their images are used inexhaustibly and for profit by the NCAA and other corporate partners as athletes not studentsthroughout the industry. From video games to television interviews;Read MoreOrdinance Act Poland56376 Words   |  226 PagesACT of 29 August 1997 TAX ORDINANCE (Consolidated text: Dziennik Ustaw 2005, No. 8, item 60 with subsequent amendments: Dziennik Ustaw 2005, No. 85, item 727, No. 86, item 732, No. 143, item 1199; 2006, No. 66, item 470, No. 104, item 708, No. 143, item 1031, No. 217, item 1590, No. 225, item 1635; 2007, No. 105, item 721, No. 112, item 769, No. 120, item 818, No. 192, item 1378, No. 195, item 1414, No. 225, item 1671; 2008, No. 118, item 745, No. 141, item 888, Monitor Polski 2008, No. 61, itemsRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 PagesIN HUMAN RIGHTS COURSE COORDINATOR : PROF. SN REMBE TOPIC: Examining the cultural practice of ukuthwala and its impact on the rights of the girl child: An Eastern Cape Perspective TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Ukuthwala 3. International Legislative Framework 4. National Legislative Framework and Ukuthwala 5. Causes of Ukuthwala 6. Consequences of Ukuthwala 7. Impact of Ukuthwala on the Girl Child 8. Ukuthwala and Constitutional Rights 9.

Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery Free Essays

Side effects of cosmetic surgery Each year, millions of people choose to undergo cosmetic surgery. Before having these procedures performed, patients are informed of the benefits and risks associated with such operations. The benefits of cosmetic surgery are quite obvious: look younger, feel younger and correct the undesirable aspects of or defects in appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are, however, many of the potential physical and psychological side effects, some known and some not so widely understood. Some possible side effects of cosmetic surgery are pain, infection, scarring, swelling and psychological effects such as grief, depression and anxiety. Many of the side effects of cosmetic surgery , it is possible for any type of surgery. The changes in body chemistry, negative reactions to anesthesia, pain and infection are examples of possible side effects of surgery. The cosmetic surgery , however, carries certain risks that are not typical of other surgical procedures, such as changes in appearance and mental health problems. The first obvious side effect that all patients experience after cosmetic surgery is a change in appearance. Despite this change is exactly what the patient requests, and many doctors use imaging software to show the patient what he or she will look like after surgery, the experience of looking in a mirror to look very different a computer-generated image. Many people are satisfied after surgery, but some people complain about the decision to modify their bodies, especially when the surgery involves a drastic change. Other patients do not follow the instructions after surgery and end up delaying the healing process, which can alter the outcome of surgery. The surgery scars and inflammation, for example, are commonly experienced when people do not obey the doctor’s recommendations. Cosmetic surgery is often very invasive, and doctors have to work diligently to minimize or hide the scars without complications introduced after the operation. Another side effect has less to do with the surgery itself and more to do with the expectations of individuals to establish changes in lifestyle, success or love life after undergoing cosmetic surgery. Many people choose to undergo this procedure because they believe it will serve as a cure for all problems. Some people then opt for an additional cosmetic surgery, thinking that another procedure will improve the situation, resulting in a vicious circle and addiction to cosmetic surgery. If patients have a history of psychological disorders, cosmetic surgery can increase the risk of other mental health problems or exacerbated. How to cite Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery, Papers

Summary Of Kants Life Essay Example For Students

Summary Of Kants Life Essay Summary Of Kants LifeImmanuel Kant (1724-1804) spent all of his life in K?nigsberg, asmall German town on the Baltic Sea in East Prussia. (After World War II,Germanys border was pushed west, so K?nigsberg is now calledKaliningrad and is part of Russia.) At the age of fifty-five, Kant appeared tobe a washout. He had taught at K?nigsberg University for over twentyyears, yet had not published any works of significance. During the last twenty-five years of his life, however, Kant left amark on the history of philosophy that is rivaled only by such toweringgiants as Plato and Aristotle. Kants three major works are oftenconsidered to be the starting points for different branches of modernphilosophy: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) for the philosophy ofmind; the Critique of Practical Reason (1788) for moral philosophy; andthe Critique of Judgment (1790) for aesthetics, the philosophy of art. The Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals was published in1785, just before the Critique of Practical Reason. It is essentially a shortintroduction to the argument presented in the second Critique. In order tounderstand what Kant is up to in this book, it is useful to know somethingabout Kants other works and about the intellectual climate of his time. Kant lived and wrote during a period in European intellectual historycalled the Enlightenment. Stretching from the mid-seventeenth century tothe early nineteenth, this period produced the ideas about human rights anddemocracy that inspired the French and American revolutions. (Some othermajor figures of the Enlightenment were Locke, Hume, Rousseau, andLeibniz.)The characteristic quality of the Enlightenment was an immenseconfidence in reasonthat is, in humanitys ability to solve problemsthrough logical analysis. The central metaphor of the Enlightenment was anotion of the light of reason dispelling the darkness of mythology andmisunderstanding. Enlightenment thinkers like Kant felt that history hadplaced them in the unique position of being able to provide clear reasonsand arguments for their beliefs. The ideas of earlier generations, theythought, had been determined by myths and traditions; their own ideas werebased on reason. (According to this way of thinking, the French monarchys claims to power were based on tradition; reason prescribed a republicangovernment like that created by the revolution.)Kants philosophical goal was to use logical analysis to understandreason itself. Before we go about analyzing our world, Kant argued, wemust understand the mental tools we will be using. In the Critique of PureReason Kant set about developing a comprehensive picture of how ourmindour reason receives and processes information. Kant later said that the great Scottish philosopher David Hume(1711-76) had inspired him to undertake this project. Hume, Kant said,awoke him from an intellectual slumber. The idea that so inspired Kantwas Humes analysis of cause-and-effect relationships. When we talk aboutevents in the world, Hume noted, we say that one thing causes another. But nothing in our perceptions tells us that anything causes anything else. Allwe know from our perceptions is that certain events regularly occurimmediately after certain other events. Causation is a concept that weemploy to make sense of why certain events regularly follow certain otherevents. Kant took Humes idea and went one step further. Causation, Kantargues, is not just an idea that we employ to make sense of ourperceptions. It is a concept that we cannot help but employ. We dont sitaround watching events and then develop an idea of causation on the basisof what we see. When we see a baseball break a window, for instance, wedont need to have seen balls break windows before to say that the ballcaused the window to break; causation is an idea that we automaticallybring to bear on the situation. Kant argued that causation and a number ofother basic ideastime and space, for instanceare hardwired, as it were,into our minds. Anytime we try to understand what we see, we cannot helpbut think in terms of causes and effects. .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c , .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .postImageUrl , .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c , .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:hover , .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:visited , .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:active { border:0!important; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:active , .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2079805c20078971d8a1fb5139aeec7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theravadan Buddhism EssayKants argument with Hume may seem like hairsplitting, but it hashuge implications. If our picture of the world is structured by concepts thatare hardwired into our minds, then we cant know anything about how theworld really is. The world we know about is developed by combiningsensory data (appearances or phenomena, as Kant called them) withfundamental concepts of reason (causation, etc.). We dont know anythingabout the things-in- themselves from which sensory data emanates. Thisrecognition that our understanding of the world may have as much to dowith our minds as with the world has been called a Copernican Revolutionin philosophya change in perspe ctive as significant to philosophy asCopernicus recognition that the earth is not the center of the universe. Kants insights posed a severe challenge to many earlier ideas. Before Kant, for instance, many philosophers offered proofs of theexistence of God. One argument made was that there must be a firstcause for the universe. Kant pointed out that we can either imagine a worldin which some divine being set the universe in motion, causing all laterevents; or we can imagine a universe that is an infinite series of causes andeffects extending endlessly into the past and future. But since causation is anidea that comes from our minds and not from the world, we cannot knowwhether there really are causes and effects in the worldlet alone whetherthere was a first cause that caused all later events. The question ofwhether there must be a first cause for the universe is irrelevant, because itis really a question about how we understand the world, not a questionabout the world itself. Kants analysis similarly shifted the debate over free will anddeterminism. (Kant presents a version of this argument in Chapter 3 of theGrounding.) Human beings believe that they have free will; we feel asthough we may freely choose to do whatever we like. At the same time,however, the world that we experience is a world of causes and effects;everything we observe was caused by whatever preceded it. Even our ownchoices appear to have been caused by prior events; for instance, thechoices you make now are based on values you learned from your parents,which they learned from their parents, and so forth. But how can we be freeif our behavior is determined by prior events? Again, Kants analysis showsthat this is an irrelevant question. Anytime we analyze events in the world,we come up with a picture that includes causes and effects. When we usereason to understand why we have made the choices we have, we cancome up with a causal explanation. But this picture isnt necessarilyaccurate. We d ont know anything about how things really are; we arefree to think that we can make free choices, because for all we know thismight really be the case. In the Critique of Practical Reason and the Grounding for theMetaphysics of Morals, Kant applies this same techniqueusing reason toanalyze itselfto determine what moral choices we should make. Just as wecannot rely on our picture of the world for knowledge about how the worldreally is, so can we not rely on expectations about events in the world indeveloping moral principles. Kant tries to develop a moral philosophy thatdepends only on the fundamental concepts of reason. Some later scholars and philosophers have criticized Enlightenmentphilosophers like Kant for placing too much confidence in reason. Somehave argued that rational analysis isnt the best way to deal with moralquestions. Further, some have argued that Enlightenment thinkers werepompous to think that they could discover the timeless truths of reason; infact, their ideas were determined by their culture just as all other peoplesare. Some experts have gone as far as to associate the Enlightenment withthe crimes of imperialism, noting a similarity between the idea of reasondispelling myth and the idea that Western people have a right and a duty tosupplant less advanced civilizations. As we work through the Groundingfor the Metaphysics of Morals, we will return to such criticisms as theyapply to Kant. .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 , .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .postImageUrl , .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 , .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:hover , .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:visited , .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:active { border:0!important; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:active , .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46 .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf943690dcf30f372eca19a86b1c3ec46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gratitude for the Mentors in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha example EssayPhilosophy

Ethical Behavior in the Workplace free essay sample

Final Paper: Ethical Behavior in the Workplace Mirinda Frazier SOC 402 Instructor Dana Rock 6/25/2012 Ethical Behavior in the Workplace An organization should perform with ethical conduct at all times- this means that both the employers and employees must act respectably throughout all the various dimensions of business practice and transactions with consistent ethicality. Good business ethics are vital for the success of any organization, and should be established from the very beginning; an organization will function better when the company morale is high, and the organization is built upon a strong ethical foundation. When the groundwork is paved with a concrete set of business ethics, this provides a more meaningful workplace, and a more clearly outlined path for the organization to follow- correctly guiding behavior and business transactions in the right direction. An organization which functions unethically, in my opinion, will not function successfully. Despite how much money a business makes, it is worth nothing without integrity. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Behavior in the Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Integrity is something that cannot be bought by a company; when all the money is gone, the only thing left at the end of the day that really counts is the integrity of the organization. Without integrity a company is ultimately unethical, and entirely worthless; good business ethics can make or break a company, and heavily depends upon whether or not the company will succeed. What are Business Ethics? Why are they Important? Dictionary. com (2012) lists ethical as â€Å"pertaining to or dealing with morals, or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct†¦being in accordance with the rules and standards, for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession. Ethics, or the choice of morality between what is right and wrong really comes down to individual belief- not everyone will agree on everything at the same time, and it is natural for people to have different opinions, as expected some divergence will exist. However, to help everyone within the company to ‘stay on the same page’ it is important to develop and have a set standard or ‘code of conduct’ so that everyone understands proper comp any etiquette and the individual company’s protocol. Having a ‘code of conduct’ or system in place helps to guide behavior in the right direction, and to eliminate any discrepancies. When an organization has a set of business standards in place for what is acceptable/right conduct, this helps to instill ethical behavior as a principle requirement and as a customary aspect to the organization’s existence. An organization is better equipped to sustain ethically when the company protocol necessitates proper and ethical behavior. Having good business ethics should be a fundamental component to the organizational life; business ethics significantly impact all levels of business transaction as well as everyone that is affiliated: the people (employers, employees, customers, investors, etc. . Having good workplace ethics helps to ensure that all business transactions are conducted in an ethical manner- both within all the business relations involved within the internal and external environmental. Viara Giraffe (2011), author of Contemporary Social Issues and the Workplace explains that, â€Å"From a socioeconomic perspective, a business organizations responsibil ity extends beyond meeting the goals of profit or productivity and includes an implicit obligation to customers, employees, and the community as well. In A Study in Business Ethics, author Rituparna Raj (2009) also talks about how a business has a sociological and economical responsibility to practice proper business; he explains that a business is not only an economic entity, but is also considered a sociological institutions as well as they operate within a social structure, and influence social lifestyles- therefore they have a social and economic responsibility beyond using this as an infrastructure to merely maximize profits, but should also work for the welfare of their society as well- the same society in which they operate, and which helps them grow. One of the most apparent implications of business ethics is simply that an organization’s ethics has considerable implications on the way it is perceived; it is hard to deny that the demeanor of a company significantly portrays its overall reputation. The company’s moral standards have momentous association to and on all levels of organizational life- all degrees of business are affected, so it is important to develop a strong set of ethical principles and enforce proper ethical behavior. Organizational ethicality will help to create and uphold a more admirable and trustworthy organization from all levels, and from all respects. Ethical business practices begin with the leaders of the organization, they must exude ethicality. The leaders of the organization set the example of behavior, and will have the most significant and influential bearing on the employees’ conduct. The organization must have leaders who are the exemplar of ethicality, and set the tone for appropriate conduct. The leaders of the organization are an important component to instilling and enforcing ethical behavior. Ethical behavior means not only doing what is right in front of others, but also doing what is right behind closed doors even when no one is watching, or around. Ethical behavior also entails resisting selfish tendencies and striving for the good of all/others- this means working for beneficial gains beyond those which are merely self fulfilling. Although the whole intention of having a business is generally to profit and make money, and though making money in itself is not wrong, the approach taken to obtain this can be unethical. As the famous and visionary organizational leader Henry Ford (founder of Ford Motor Company) is quoted as saying, â€Å"A business that makes nothing but money is a poor kind of business. Proper Workplace Ethics- Behavior and Practice When an organization thrives upon ethicality, and centers itself on good ethical business mannerisms in practice, this provides a strong core of values to work by and a more solid ethical foundation to uphold the organization. This helps to create and establish a general ethical ideology, and a common shared rationale among all to work for and work by; this helps inspire motive in an d behind all the organizational objectives as well. The leaders and company protocol should consistently exemplify ethical behavior, require it, and enforce it. Ethical business philosophies are an indispensible element to creating a trustworthy and respectable infrastructure within the organization; when ethicality is a steadfast component in the organization, it provides directional support to steer the organizational behavioral in a more meaningful, correct, and direct course of action. When employees have ethical leaders who are role models for organizational behavior, correlated with a clearly defined system or code of conduct set in place, they are more likely to approve and adopt ethical business behavior and practices. A strong ethical workplace will help everyone to work together, and create teamwork within. Ethical behavior and organizational practices help to develop togetherness and unity within the workplace, which in turn will help promote teamwork and productivity. Organizations rely heavily upon effective team working skills which must be centered on ethical practices; this means that everyone does their ‘fair share’ equally and ethically. Oftentimes, a collaborative team effort is more effective to an organization rather than what each person could contribute individually alone. When everyone works ethically, puts in equal effort in working together in a joint group effort- this makes for a healthier and more enjoyable workplace atmosphere. The ‘golden rule’, a rule of thumb for ethical behavior- â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you† or in other words, treat others how you would like to be treated and respected, is a straightforward and simple judgment to remember for ethical workplace behavior. Business ethics are workplace issues and attributes to other workplace issues as well, and has great sociological implications. Having good workplace ethics can also be benefificial to both the organization and those involved within; good ethical behavior and business practices can easily solve many problems and offer an easy solution. When ethical business practices exist, it creates a sense of organizational association and togetherness and this involvement can rekindle the company’s work ethic and overall create an even stronger contribution/participation, commitment, and enthusiasm from everyone- this not only benefits the employees and makes for a more enjoyable workplace atmosphere, but also benefits the company as well. Ethical behavior should thoroughly promote and exude fairness; everyone should be treated equivalently, employers and employees of all levels/positions. Proper organizational ethics should require equal opportunity and help to ensure that everyone is playing fair and by the same rules/regulation. Ethical business means not allowing, racism, sexism/or sexual harassment, or discrimination of any kind to exist. Unfair is unethical. There should be matching company wages being paid, equal opportunity for advancement and promotion, as well as the same incentives/bonuses; ethical behavior also needs to have just mediation with good discretion and the identical underlying repercussions for all. When ethical business standards are not set in place, this creates confusion, and is a more inviting environment for conflict to exist. Ethical behavior is more likely to be the norm when it is consistently reinforced, and accentuated in every part of even the most typical and daily transactions; this will help to implant ethicality within the workplace permanently. Like the saying goes, ‘practice makes perfect’, repetition will help to instill that ethical behavior is reoccurring, and a frequent part of the organizational performances/transactions. If the emphasis is always on ethical behavior, and its importance is stressed and understood by everyone, then chances are you will begin to see more of it, and it becoming common place in the business. To help increase ethical behavior in the workplace, it is important to constantly recognize and reward ethical behavior as well; this will help to promote and further encourage it. Ethical business should always be observed in a proactive light, and frequently measured; as this helps it to remain currently regarded within the workplace, and keep it at the forefront of everyone’s concern at all times. An organizational environment that has an ethical and respectful atmosphere faces a more promising and advantageous future. Workplace ethics are behind all good businesses and it is the driving force which compels virtuous action and behavior. Good work ethics are what set the good companies apart from the bad. By refusing to maintain an ethical workplace environment you are only refusing your organization- and preventing it from existing at optimal efficacy; ultimately poor workplace ethics will adversely affect your organization and overall is depriving for the organization. Unethical business practices could eventually result in the demise of the organization altogether. Improper and unethical behavior affects decision making negatively, as there are no values to uphold or compel the right choices to be made. Poor decisions made now can have long lasting and future implications- some of which may be forever impinging upon the organization and its success. Unethical business ethics can destroy numerous elements of the occupational life: profits/revenue can be negatively impacted, turnover rates can increase, performance may decline and can become unimportant to employees, incentives and benefit/compensation may become insufficient, a lack of commitment and dependability may develop, investment and investors may plummet, as well as the consumer/customer base. With so many important organizational constituents affected and influenced y the business ethics practiced, it is imperative to uphold a strong honorable code of ethics so all business is conducted admirably, and so the organization is better equipped for success. Ethicality means not only developing, enforcing, and following the ethical policies set by the company, but also involves adhering to all federal and state government laws; w hen a business breaks the law or engages in illegal activity (or unethical business practices) they face the possibility of penalties, fines, and other consequences that could all lead up to the extinction of the organization. Organizations have a legal and ‘social’ responsibility to everyone included within every depth and measurement of business life. Having an ethical organizational is essential for countless reasons: it lends a moral helping hand in resolving organizational problems and conflict fairly, improves organizational procedures, helps to develop and implement organizational strategy, decision making and organizational change is carried out more efficiently and honestly, just to name a few. Most importantly, a solid ethical foundation in the workplace is fundamental to having strong ethical working relationships with people- both inside (with the employees amp; employers etc. ), as well as outside in the external environment with the networks of people and other business connections such as (consumers/customers, investors, business partners, etc. ). On the other hand, unethical behavior does just the opposite to these important workplace dimensions, people, and practices, and can impede on the organization’s ability to grow, ultimately hindering organizational success. By instilling ethical business standards you are infusing the organization with strong institutional values to better uphold the organization together. Having ethical business principles within the workplace ensures that the utmost legal and moral standards are regarded at all times, and constantly observed as a customary way of the organizational life, behavioral conduct, and occupational relations. An organization which functions unethically, in my opinion, will not function successfully; organizational integrity is one of the most important, if not the most important aspect of the organization.

Systematic and Systemic

Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic By Maeve Maddox Mark, one of our readers, requests a discussion of the difference between systematic and systemic. Both adjectives derive from the noun system which, in late Latin, meant a musical interval, that is, a difference in pitch between two notes. While retaining its original meaning, the Latin word came to mean, in addition: a union of several metres into a whole, the universe, body of the articles of faith, an organized whole, government, constitution, and a body of men or animals systematic [sis tuh MA tik] In its most common use by the general speaker and writer, the adjective systematic means Arranged or conducted according to a system, plan, or organized method. A novelist, for example, may have a systematic method of organizing note cards. More specialized meanings of systematic occur in the writings of philosophers, statisticians, and biologists, as the following examples from the OED illustrate: Logic: When the same words are used in sentences which express different kinds of propositions, yet in each case the usage is significant, then these words are said to have ‘systematic ambiguity’ This ambiguity is systematic because it can be formulated according to a rule. Statistics: an error with a non-zero mean, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged. Natural history: Pertaining to, following, or arranged according to a system of classification; of or pertaining to classification, classificatory. systemic [sis TEM ik] Note: Beware the pronunciation. I once heard a radio reporter pronounce it as sus tee mik.) The adjective systemic is chiefly a scientific term meaning belonging to, supplying, or affecting the system or body as a whole. It is often used to refer to a condition that affects the nervous system in particular. Read the labels on your gardening supplies. If your herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide is described as systemic, it kills the pest youre after by entering its system and making its way throughout the plants or animals tissues. In 1961 M. A. K. Halliday came up with the term systemic grammar to describe a method of linguistic analysis. The rationale for the use of systemic instead of systematic in this instance eludes me, but then, so does the meaning of this OED example which records the use of the expression: The grammar that assigns to sentences structures like the one in Fig. 1 is generative fusion of elements of American-style immediate-constituent analysis, European-style dependency theory, and British-style systemic grammar. Unless you are referring to an organism, you probably want the word systematic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesLatin Plural EndingsKn- Words in English

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files Assignment

Week 4 & 5 Discussion Assignments Please send 2 different files - Assignment Example By triangulating both sets of results, I hope to be able to arrive at some solidly based conclusions that are confirmed by both current research and by working professionals currently employed in government agencies. In designing this particular study, I realise that is important that my research be credible. I want readers to be able to trust that outcomes that I arrive at, which means that I am now taking the time to ensure my methodology is based on sound research principles, that the research I incorporable is both scholarly and reputable, and that the eventual participants in the survey portion of the study are truly qualified to do so. In addition, as I design the qualitative study, I will be making sure the research is transparent, reliable, and useful to both the academic and business community. To this point in my dissertation journey, I have taken all three types to research methodology courses. Given the fact that my particular research emphasis is qualitative in nature, I am please to note that I received high marks in the qualitative design course. While I did acceptably in the mixed-methods and quantitative design courses, I feel my research gifts lie a bit more in the exploratory nature that the qualitative approach offers. My desire to seek out current perception in the hiring and promotion process and determine what, if anything, should be done to increase the transparency in this area in public agencies, with a particular emphasis on the Social Security Administration. Having the ability to locate qualified individuals to provide a professional opinion on this important topic, coupled with my own interest in examining current research in this area, enables me to develop a solid qualitative framework. Moving forward, I do not feel that I need to take any further co urse in research study design, as quantitative data

Stafing and Selecton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stafing and Selecton - Essay Example The title of the new job openings at Thomson Rail is Contract Manager. These individuals would be responsible for retaining existing customers and gaining new customers for the company’s services. While the present responsibility for this lies with the director and senior managers, the expanding business as well as the need to grow has created a requirement for new individuals to be hired who are good at sales, customer relations and know the industry as well. Such people may be hard to find but the company may have to settle for the best available candidates amongst those who apply. The two central legal issues for the company for recruitment and the hiring process can be understood as anti-discrimination laws and equal opportunity rules. Simply put, all candidates must be viewed and hired based on their strengths and weaknesses as applicants without giving any weight to their race, gender, age, physical abilities except in situations where such requirements are an intrinsic part of the job. Given that the nature of the job is office related there are very few exceptions to the law which can be obtained by the company and it should be assumed by the recruiters that the law applies in the fullest sense. At the same time, there are additional legal and ethical requirements which must be followed in the selection, interview and recruitment process which mainly deal with ensuring confidentiality and the privacy of the candidates. While making the application for the job, candidates may give out information which is considered to be private information in the eyes of the law and that must be kept secure by the company. Even things like the candidates email address and telephone number may be required by ethical rules to be kept secure. It is probably a good idea for the company to speak with a legal consultant or obtain legal advice from individuals in the company who have had experience with recruitment procedures in the past. The London Underground market is a

Negative letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Negative letter - Essay Example The company has agreed to deliver services by 7a.m. The time is appropriate because it will provide an allowance of time for the relocation of the misplaced vehicles. The time is also ideal because it will provide the vehicle owners with time to attend their daily jobs. The town council will also provide the vehicle owners with new parking stickers. The parking sticker will be part of the town council’s initiative to reduce the grievances pertaining to the parking of vehicles. The sticker is expected to appear in the rearview mirror of every vehicle. In addition, the new sticker will enhance the regulation of vehicle traffic at the parking lot. This situation notwithstanding, the parking charge hike was ill-timed. The town council should instead expand parking capacity to avoid the breach of parking rules by some innocent vehicle owners. The expansion of parking capacity will provide extra space to ensure that vehicle owners do not scramble for parking

Organisational development and organisatins effectiveness and viabi

Organisational development and organisatins effectiveness and viabi The most bizarre thing about Organisational development is that there is not a single definition capable of explaining it properly; in simple terms Organisational development can be regarded as planned change concept, organisation wide effort to increase an organisations effectiveness and viability. Organization development is interdisciplinary in nature and draws on sociology, personality, psychology, and theories of motivation. It is considered both applied behavioural science focused on understanding and managing organizational change as well as a field of scientific study and enquiry (en.wikipedia.orgwiki/organization_development). Kurt Lewin (1898-1947) is credited with the origin and development as it is his work on Group dynamics and Action-Research which corroborates the basic OD process. Going through the history it would be worth saying that 1960s were the Influential period of T-group which saw the inculcation of Lewins Force Field analysis and organisational theory (Lawre nce and Lorsch, 1967; Argyris, 1962; Harisson, 1963, 66). Planned change approach coined by Kurt Lewin is corroborated by the humanistic and democratic values and had its focus upon resolving group issues and improvement through the involvement of managers, employees and a change consultant (Bernard Burnes, 2004). Till 1980s planned Change was the dominant approach to manage organisational change, however by 1980s it faced harsh criticism regarding the ability to stand for the organisations operating in dynamic and unpredictable environments. This essay will discuss the origin and objectives of Organisational development. Going further insights will be developed regarding the evolution of organisational development and its present scenario. Critical evaluation and comparison will be done in order to determine the difference between the present one and the original developed and to understand whether Organisational development still hold its purpose and coherence. ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT It will be worth saying that it is an uphill task to put Organisational development under a single definition. In an organisation team building with top corporate management, Job enrichment in manufacturing are all examples of Organisational development (Cummings and Worley). Some definitions of Organisational development are described as under Organisational development is a Planned process of change in an organisations culture through the utilization of behavioural science technology, research and theory. (Warner Burke) Organisational development is An effort (1) planned, (2) organisation-wide, and (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase organisational effectiveness and health through (5) planned interventions in the organisations processes using behavioural science knowledge. (Richard Beckhard) Organisation development refers to a Long-range effort to improve an organisations problem-solving capabilities and its ability to cope with changes in its external environment with the help of external or internal behavioural-scientist consultants, or change agents, as they are sometimes called. (Wendell French) Organisational development is Long term, planned changes in the culture, technology and management of a total organisation or at least significant part of the total organisation. (Jamieson, Bach Kallick and Kur, 1984) From the above explained definitions it is quite obvious that all of them differ on several important dimensions such as some focus on culture, some on the importance of top management support while other on the importance of technology, there is no doubt that do exhibit some common features Organisational development is concerned with managing planned change targeting organisation-wide issues, problems and challenges. Organisational development is basically a data-driven process, collected through process of action research by ways such as observations, assessments and surveys. Intent of organisational development to improve organisational effectiveness and it serves the purpose of both the creation as well as the subsequent reinforcement of change. Organisational development is concerned with the change in strategy, structure and/or process of an entire system. Organisational development is based upon the application and transfer of behavioural knowledge and practice such as leadership, group dynamics, and organization design. (Cummings and Worley, 2005) An attempt have been made by Cummings and Worley to incorporate most of the views expressed in various definitions through the very definition explained below Organisation development is a system wide application and transfer of behavioural science knowledge to the planned development, improvement, and reinforcement of the strategies, structures and processes that lead to organisation effectiveness. Organisational development had its origin in the 1960s when the need of Organisational health preponderant. Organisational development tends to works by acknowledging the dysfunctions and correcting them in order to retain equilibrium. Initial approaches to Organisational development was developed on the theories of Kurt Lewin who described it as a planned change and is based on Field theory, Group dynamics, Action Research and Three step model. Apart from significant work carried out by Kurt Lewin there are other prominent researchers in this field such as Bullock and Batten(1985) who proposed a four phase model of planned change Exploration phase, Planning phase, Action phase and Integration phase. It will be worth mentioning that in spite of the extensive work carried the focus was on change at Individual and Group level ignoring the organisations in their entirety. The main objectives of Organisation development are to address and smoothen the process of change that will in turn help the organisation to achieve greater effectiveness. Evolution of Organisational Development Organisational development have emerged from five basic backgrounds or stems as described below (Cummings and Worley) Growth of National Training Laboratories (NTL) and development of training groups known as T-groups. This very stem of Organisational development pioneered the T-Group a small, unstructured group in which the participants are expected to gain from their own interactions and developing dynamics such as interpersonal relations, leadership, and group dynamics. With the passage of time T- Groups have declined on their importance as OD intervention and is often associated with the reputation of Organisational development as touchy-feely process. The practical aspects of T-Group organisations are better known as team building and worth saying that it is one of the institutionalized forms of Organisational development today. Inculcation of action research as a way of applying research to managing change. An important feature of action research was survey feedback. It was well-understood that in order to manage change research needs to be in close ties with action. Action research was seen as two-pronged process and it focuses on the fact that change requires action that can be achieved by carefully analysing the situation properly, looking out for all the possible alternatives and going for the most apt. to situation at hand (Bennet, 1983). Action research stresses that change can only be effective if it is taken at the group level by involving concerned ones and it must be a participative and collaborative process. (French and Bell, 1984; Lewin, 1947b). One of the key components of action research studies was the systematic collection of survey data that was fed back. The third one is associated with a normative view i.e. One best way to manage organisations. The third stem that popped out was the normative view which closely held the view that Human relations approach represents a One best way to manage organisations. Furthermore, this normative belief was illustrated by through Likerts Participative Management style i.e. Participative Group systems and Blake and Moutons Grid OD program with organisational effectiveness. (R. Likert, 1967; R. Blake and J. Mouton, 1964) The fourth stem can very well be described as the approach focusing on quality of work life and productivity. This very stem or we can say the background to OD can be described under two phases that initially took off by the projects developed and their emergence in 1950s, 60s and lasted until mid 1970s. This phase of QWL programs were concerned with providing employees high levels of discretion, task variety and feedback about results. One of the main characteristic of QWL was Self-managing groups as a form of work design. It lost its importance during 1970s due to other important and emerging issues such as inflation and energy costs. Second phase of QWL extended its scope and inculcated other features such as work flows, reward systems, management styles that effect employee productivity and satisfaction and is known by the term Employee Involvement. (Cummings and Worley, 05) The fifth and last stem of organisational development involves strategic change and organisation transformation. The latest of Strategic change background have an overarching influence on Organisational Developments evolution. In current scenario the environments known as technological, socio-political environments are more complex and uncertain than ever before which in turns calls for planned change process and strategic perspective from Organisational development (D. Naddler, 1988). Strategic change intervention helps to improve both the organisational effectiveness and its relationship to its environment. Moreover, Strategic changes to organisational development have made its presence felt in mergers and acquisitions, alliance formation. (M. Marks and P.Mirvis, 1998). All the above explained five stems have great influence on the current practice of organisational development as well as by the trends that are responsible of shaping change in the organisations. The commonality between all the backgrounds is that all wholeheartedly support the transfer of knowledge and skill to the client system and making them capable of managing better change. This field of organisational development is on a growth spree as it can be witnessed through the new researchers, theorists, practitioners who are building their work on the work of early pioneers and making it perfect for the contemporary situations. Findings Organisational change as a planned discipline is concerned with the application of behavioural knowledge and practice in order to help organisation to achieve greater effectiveness but growing with the evolution phase, Current phase of organisational development goes far beyond its humanistic origins and it will be worth saying that as now a days practitioners of Organisational development took a more prescriptive approach as compared to early pioneers of Organisation development who took analytical approach. Lawrence and Lorsch (1969) draw organisational development in terms of activities at three interfaces Organisation to environment, Group to group, and Individual to organisation. Till 1980s planned change approach as coined by Kurt Lewin with its set of tools, techniques and practitioners was the dominant approach in managing organisational change unless it faced criticism from certain quarters regarding its inability to cope up with emerging and coercive situations such as dyn amic and unpredictable environments. Even in todays scenario there is a continuing argument over the proper definition, its state of art and the skills required for practising it. Despite certain limitations cited who have opposed it by saying that Planned change is more flexible and holistic approach than it is being considered and is en route on a transition phase from being a miscellany of certain devices to becoming a mature, usable set of principles and procedures for organisational change (Cummings and Worley, 2001; French and Bell, 1995; Robert L.Kahn, 2002). The problems cited with Planned change to change are that it was developed for the organisations operating in Top-down, autocratic environment (Wooten and White, 1999:8). It also have been criticized on the other note that it is more emphasized on Incremental and isolated change rather than its ability to cope up with more radical and transformational change (Dawson,1994 ; Schein,1985). Planned change is more suitable fo r the group and individual context but lacks strength for system-wide change. One of the problems of organisational development is the inclusion of conversational and commercial terms as independent variables such as T-Group training as a number of activities lies with the preference of trainer itself (Back, 1972). Other problem that can be cited is that Organisational development relies too much on the expertise and experience of trainees and change agent. Though often the process of planned change in terms of three successive phases Unfreezing, Moving and Freezing is often quoted without proper understanding of it as well as the Lewinian quasi-stationary equilibrium is often seen but without undergoing any proper system conceptualization calls for more serious attention so that a more holistic approach can be developed in managing Organisational change. In a nutshell, it can be said that it is not fruitful to look solely at group and individual level, the need is to look for the organisations in their entirety as seen from the concepts developed by Kurt Lewin. Organisational development practitioners have understood the importance of understanding organisational culture and organisational learning. The concepts coined by Kurt Lewin and others pioneers in this field are still relevant and needs a more in-depth understanding. The need of the hour is the conjugation of the emergent approaches such as punctuated-equilibrium, continuous transformation models with the existing approaches so that more benefits can be realized in terms of organization effectiveness by achieving planned organisational change. In the end it is worth mentioning that organisational development is not that Strategic and this is the prime reason why Organisational development have lost its purpose and coherence. Though there has not been a single approach for Org anisational Development but the combination of all the approaches make it a very coherent approach and it needs to be developed with the ever changing scenario so that nothing affects its suitability. References en.wikipedia.orgwiki/organization_development. Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967; Argyris, 1962; Harisson, 1963, 66 Bernard Burnes, 2004 ; Managing Change W.Burke, Organisation Development: Principles and Practice (Boston: Little,Brown, 1982); Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) W. French, Organization development: objectives, Assumptions, and Strategies, California Management Review 12,2 (1969):23-24; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) R. Beckhard, Organisational Development :Strategies and models (Reading,Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1969) ; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) (Jamieson, Bach Kallick and Kur, 1984); Introduction and overview of Organisational Development as a data driven approach for Organisational change ( Janine Waclawski, Allan H.Church) Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) Bullock and Batten, 1985; Bernard Burnes, 2004 (Managing Change) French and Bell, 1984; Lewin, 1947b; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) R. Likert, 1967; R. Blake and J. Mouton, 1964; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) D. Naddler, 1988; M. Marks and P.Mirvis, 1998; Cummings and Worley (Organisation development and change, 2005) Cummings and Worley, 2001; French and Bell, 1995; Robert L.Kahn, 2002; Wooten and White, 1999:8; Organisational development : Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002) Dawson,1994 ; Schein,1985; Organisational development : Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002) Back, 1972; Organisational development : Some problems and proposals, (Robert L. Kahn,2002)

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market Essay

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market The main aims of this research are to acquire an understanding of the conditions of the art market and to develop a critical knowledge of the commercial art world and the relevant international market. The idea that the international art market is a regulator in the post academy art world has implications on the formation of prices and values in the art market, due to the macroeconomic reality, political and cultural changes of this period. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts continued to produce many important artists. It lost its power only at the turn of the century when it failed to acknowledge radical styles such as Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The downfall of academic art also was hastened by economic changes in the art market, which included the growth of independent exhibitions and the development of private sales galleries. Over these years, the unsettled system of financial market which the art market became part of has evolved into a greater conscience of the complex behaviour of the individual in his The commercial market economy has been favourable for the development of the arts. Therefore, the market limits the supply of art and antiques studying the consumer economic preference. Hence, market segmentation, division of labour and specialisation caused a division between high and low culture, and separate good art from junk art. In this way, the art market should select the talented artists in a free and wealthy society that allows a very large number of artists to have more opportunities becoming financially independent and to acquire artistic freedom. Although, the role played by the dealer in the market, as cultural entrepreneur, is important for maintain the value of the product. In this instance, how best the international art market can be organized, what is the best way to balance the supply of art and what is the market's purpose through the dissociation of good art from junk art. The market must restrict the supply of art and antiques selecting the talented artists, good art, thereafter raising the relative value of a work of art. Therefore and based on this statement, this essay will consider arguments for the market as the regulator of the supply of art and point out some of the problems with this market's function  «What is ... ...Priceless: Art, Artists and Economics. (New York: Basic) HEILBRUN, J. and GRAY, C.M., 1993. The Economics of Art and Culture, An American Perspective (Cambridge University Press) JEFFRI, J., 1983. Arts Money, Raising it, Saving it and Earning it (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) OWEN, V.L., 1979. "The Effects of Mass Markets on Artistic Quality", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.3, no2 REITLINGER, G., 1961. The Economics of Taste, vol I, The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices, 1760-1960 (Holt: Rhinehart & Winston) ROBERTSON, I.A., 2000. The Emerging Art Markets of Great China 1989-1999 (London: City University) SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge Printers) SINGER, L.P., 1988. "Phenomenology and Economics of Art Markets: An Art Historical Perspective", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.12, no1 STEIN, J.P., 1977. "The Monetary Appreciation of Paintings". The Journal of Political Economy, vol.85-5. THROSBY, D., 2001. Economics and Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press) Web Sites: www.artprice.com --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge printers) p.13.

Nothing Good Ever Comes from Violence

The twentieth century was the century of discovery for life . Dreadful diseases like diphtheria and leprosy were halted; sterile women have been given children; handicapped people were made a part of society. Numerous vaccines have been found to stop the most dangerous diseases. New technologies have enabled the creation of better conditions for life. International humanitarian organizations were felt all over the world where living conditions were not acceptable. Humanitarian aid have been sent many times where they were needed: Africa, Haiti, Pakistan, etc..Under these conditions, feeding his superego with illusions, man has become complacent. He is gracious and fair. He is, finally, human. However, what ultimately is not understood is that violence, which has its roots deep infiltrated in human consciousness , cancels all these developments. For each cured disease , hundreds of ways to return it are invented. For every child saved in high-tech hospitals there are another hundred k illed innocent children. Not a virus manages to disappear as we rush to replace it with another. Violence is everywhere.In this situation , the following idea needs to be understood : violence , in the common perception of this word, destroys everything we dream for. In this essay I will try to argue my thesis, demonstrating why each type of violence in part must be avoided. In the beginning, I’m obliged to clarify the essence of the term violence. Violence is the expression of physical and / or verbal force of one person against himself or another person / group of persons ,that brings the pain to whom it is addressed. There are several forms of violence : Physical, Sexual, Emotional, Psychological, Spiritual, Cultural, Verbal, Financial.Each one is a tragedy for one against whom it is directed. Violence is a primal part of human nature. Since ancient times, it has governed human acts. His destructive tendencies and self-defense were the ones that have characterized all his actions. However, for some time, the state claims, for better or worse, a monopoly on violence practiced within the confines of a specific territory ( Max Weber) ,realised by law and education, to impose the man to conform himself to cooperation and group working, whitch is much more effective and productive than the free violence.Violence is everywere. In families were husbands abuse their wives and children we speak about domestic violence. Domestic violence' is a specific form of violence in which physical, psychological, or sexual abuse is perpetuated by one spouse upon another, or by both partners upon each other. It is caused by many factors , including : the pure impuls control , lack of education,social stress, need of power and control, mental illnesses , etc. Domestic violence has a lot of negative results. Broken bones, head injuries ,internal bleeding are some of the acute effects .Hundreds of thousands of dead women and children annually: it is the result of domestic vi olence. And those who survive have a nightmare during all their life. A life marked by depresion, stress, fear, and anxiety. These symptoms are generally experienced for a long span of time after the victim has left the dangerous situation. But problems do not stop there. If victims can escape the abusers, they are tortured by the society. They don’t have money , they don’t have the ability to get money, they don’t have friends that can help them†¦ This leads many times to the suicide.For children, domestic violence can become an enormous psychological trauma that will change the perception of the world. For example, Hitler was physically abused by his father in childhood. Because of this, he became a sociopath and did what he did. Franz Kafka was educated under the moral domination of his father, which made him one of the biggest pessimists in the history of mankind. So, the domestic violence pursues its victims till the grave. War is another manifestation of violence on a very large scale. It is thought to be the key of solving of the territorial, ideological and resources problems.During the war, violence is encouraged in the highest level. After the Industrial Revolution, that is percepted as a very good event, the number of war victims has grown. For example, World War I has caused 40 mln victims and World War II – 70 mln. New technologies are constantly developed to ensure the governments of all countries with weapons to bring as many victims as possible. From the machinegun to the atomic bomb, every discovery is greeted with applause. Death smiles at us and we applaud. Then we go home, satisfied of ourselves, and criticize the politicians.We applaud, but then we close our eyes in front of terror victims. Do you think that after Hitler has caused 50 million victims in his war people haven’t made new weapons? Do you think that after Hiroshima and Nagasaki haven’t appeared new types of atomic bombs? We applaud them all. Every year on May 9, Russia shows its military force one the Red Square. And we applaud, proud of what we’ve created. While we’re applauding, millions of Africans die in civil wars, progress in the black continent can not be put on wheels, people dying of hunger because of civil wars.And we applaud. Much more horrible are the conflicts caused by religious, racial and national hate. During the middle age, near 300  000 people ( especially women ) were killed because of their religion. The Jews were killed and chased all other the Europe. The Crusades against Muslim have caused a lot of human and material prejudice. Interracial hatred, maintained by Ku Klux Klan in America, which has started since the late 19th century and continue fruitful so far, does not allow free evolution of American democracy, as well as the evolution of democracy all other the world.Thousands of people are killed in Russia, according to race. The new national-socialist organization a re growing rapidly . In a world where the Hungarian National Socialist Party gain 9% in the elections, progress is a castle on sand. Well†¦ This is our world – a world of violence. It surrounds us , wispers sweet words to our ears , decieve our eyes, feed our egos by illusions, and continues its very productive work. Millions of people die from violence.Is not it enough that we die because of pollution and unhealthy way of life? Should we help nature in the murder? Is it not time that the understanding between people to become the engine of a better life? We arrived at times when the slightest mistake could cost us a lot. We are on an unstable platform and only on us depens our future. A future soaked in the blood of violence or dried by the Sun of welfare. It’s our turn to choose now. Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically

Baroque Era Test Essays

Baroque Era Test Essays Baroque Era Test Paper Baroque Era Test Paper Essay Topic: Poetry During the seventeenth century, women who desired a public voice through music often joined a: convent Which of the following was a reason that a woman would join a convent during the seventeenth century? a. to avoid an unwanted marriage b. to seek asylum after being widowed c. to have an outlet for musical talent d. all of the above d. all of the above the canticle of Mary is generally known as the Magnificat during which service does the magnificat occur? vespers what services did Chiara Margarita Cozzolani provide for the convent of St. Radegonda? a. director of choirs b. abbess and prioress c. composer d. all of the above d. all of the above what is a type of music NOT composed by Chiara Margarita Cozzolani? the secular cantata the dramatic and mystical qualities of Cozzolanis setting of the Magnificat are similar to those of what other significant artwork? Beninis Ecstasy of Teresa Of the following, which characterizes Cozzolanis music for the Magnificat? a. imitative polyphony throughout b. an ABA structure c. expressive and rich in word-painting d. all of the above a? imitative polyphony throughout? (I wasnt sure about this one) what are the performing forces for Cozzolanis magnificat? two choirs, two soprano soloists, and organ and strings the prayer of praise at the end of the Magnificat is called the doxology a drama that is sung is called a opera the vocal style in opera that imitates the natural inflections of speech is called recitative a highly emotional song in an opera is called a aria the orchestral introduction at the beginning of an opera is called the overture the text of an opera is called the libretto what composer is regarded as the first master of opera? ? which cultural center rejected italian opera? France a type of English entertainment combining music, poetry, and dance was called the masque the greatest native-born English composer of Baroque was Henry Purcell Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas was composed for a production at a girls school who was the librettist of Purcells Dido and Aeneas? Nahum Tate what epic poem was the basis for Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas? Virgils Aeneid Dido sings her famous lament in Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas just prior to: killing herself Didos lament for Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas is composed over a ground base Luther believed that music belonged to the congregation in the Lutheran church, the weekly hymns sung by the congregation were called chorales which of the following does NOT describe the chorale? a. intended to be sung by the congregation b. four part harmony c. text in german d. simple and memorable melodies b. sang in four part harmonies the sacred cantata was an integral part of the lutheran church service the expansion of the chorale with new poetry resulted in the cantata during his musical career, Johann Sebastian Bach held position of: a. cantor of St. Thomans Church in Leipzig b. court organist and chamber musician to the duke of Weimar c. court musician to the prince of Ahjalt-Cothen d. all of the above d. all of the above Johann Sebastian Bach was most famous in his day as a performer on the organ what would listeners hear in a typical Bach chorale? intricate choral movements what is the form of the chorale tune Wachet Auf? bar form (AAB) Bachs cantata no. 140, Wachet Auf, has how many movements? seven the opening movement of Bachs cantata Wachet Auf is best described as a grand chorale fantasia the fourth movement of Bachs cantata Wachet Auf has three musical lines: unison choir, unison strings, and continuo Handels Messiah is a oratorio What is Handels most famous oratorio, frequently performed today? Messiah Why is Messiah so popular in Britain and America today? a. sung in english b. first part is appropriate for the christmas season c. it combines vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra d. all of the above d. all of the above which of the following does NOT characterize an oratorio? a. elaborate scenery b. recitatives c. arias d. choruses a. elaborate scenery the stories for oratorios are generally drawn from the Bible George Frideric Handel is considered master of the oratorio Who was born in Germany and studied in Italy, but spend much of his creative life in England? Handel When Handel arrived in London, he established his fame by composing oratorios Later in life, Handel turned his efforts from the opera to the oratorio the subject of the second part of Messiah is the death of christ the orchestra for Messiah relies primarily on the strings Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion from Messiah is an example of a da capo aria what is ritornello? an instrumental refrain in an aria the famous choral climax of Handels Messiah is the Hallelujah Chorus which of the following does NOT characterize the Hallelujah Chorus? a. varied dynamics b. fugal passages c. homophonic passages d. a cappella setting d. a cappella setting in seventeenth century New England, the puritan practice of singing that is based on call and response was called lining-out what is the basic texture of the practice of lining-out? monophonic why was lining-out developed? a. most people could not read music b. most people could not afford to buy a psalm book c. the church wanted everyone to participate equally in services d. all of the above d. all of the above what is heterophonic texture? the simultaneous performance of slight variants of the same melody which of the following was NOT a musical development in the seventeenth century? a. polyphonic settings of sacred music began to appear b, singing schools began teaching music c. american composers were discouraged from writing music d. shape-note singing was developed a. polyphonic settings of sacred music began to appear which of the following does NOT characterize shape-note notation? a. it was created in order to standardize sacred melodies b. it was based on solfege, syllables used to memorize music c. the shape of a note denoted its solfege syllable d. it was first applied to tutorials for piano playing d. it was first applied to tutorials for piano playing how can the career of William Billings be described? he knew several leaders of the American Revolution Billingss best-known publication is The New England Psalm Singer the form of Billingss Davids Lamentation is ABB what is the texture of Billingss Davids Lamentation? homophonic with solos and duets of the following, what contributes to the simplicity of Billingss Davids Lamentation? a. mostly stepwise melodies b. consonant harmonies c. duple meter and regular rhythmic patterns d. all of these d. all of these what describes Spanish attitudes toward indigenous American peoples? they tried to reconcile local beliefs and christianity which of the following musical activities in NOT associated with Gaspar Fernanded? a. playing organ b. composing operas c. teaching music to choirboys d. collecting music performed in Mexico at the time b. composing operas which of the following does NOT characterize the villancico by Fernandes? a. images of christianity mixed with those of the aztec religion b. an ensemble refrain c. notation that includes parts for organ and other instruments d. a frequent short-long rhythm c. notation that includes parts for organ and other instruments the first era of western music history in which instrumental music was a major focus for composers was the Baroque which of the following does NOT describe instrumental music in the Baroque era? a. the flowering of instrumental music was largely encouraged by wealthy patrons b. elaborate instrumental music often accompanied grand celebrations c. new technologies made more sophisticated instruments possible d. instrumental music became the central focus of western concert music at this time d. instrumental music became the central focus of western concert music at this time which of the following is NOT a major difference between Baroque and modern violins? a. the general shape of the instrument b. the type of strings c. the playing techniques d. the cost of the instrument a. the general shape of the instrument during the Baroque, which of the woodwind instruments became associated with a somber mood? bassoon which of the following instruments was NOT made of wood during Baroque? a. recorder b. oboe c. trumpet d. flute c. trumpet which of the following does NOT characterize the Baroque suite? a. consists of a series of dances b. movements are in contrasting keys c. each movements is a dance type from a different country d. the movements have contrasts of tempo and character b. movements are in contrasting keys which of the following dance types was NOT standard in a Baroque suite? a. allemande b. sarabande c. courante d. tarantella d. tarantella what is the most common form of the individual movement in a suite? binary baroque composers applied the concept of the suite to: a. solo instrumental music b. keyboard music c. orchestral music d. all of the above d. all of the above handels Water Music is best described as suite why is the music for Handels Water Music marked by lively rhythms and catchy melodies? it was written to be performed outdoors on barges the Alla hornpipe movement from Water Music is characterized by instrumental groups exchanging motivic ideas the instrumental form based on the contrast of two dissimilar bodies of sound is called a concerto the typical solo concerto has how many movements? 3 the *blank* form in a concerto is loosely based on the alternation between orchestral statements and virtuosic passages for the soloist. ritornello a ritornello form in a concerto is typically found in the first and third movements who was the greatest and most prolific italian composer of concertos? Vivaldi antonia vivaldi was known as the red priest for the color of his hair vivaldi lived and worked in Venice What is Vivaldis best-known set of concertos? The Four Seasons the solo instrument in Spring from The Four Seasons is the violin Which of the following does NOT characterize Vivaldis Four Seasons? a. based on poems b. avoid ritornello form c. convey pictoral images d. structured in three movement forms b. avoid ritornello the opening movement of Spring from The Four Seasons is in what form? ritornello in the slow movement of Spring, Vivaldi evokes a dogs parking through an ostinato rhythm which of the following was NOT an important keyboard instrument during the Baroque? a. harpsichord b. piano c. organ d. clavichord b. piano What keyboard instrument is plucked by quills? harpsichord the harpsichord is different from the piano because: a. sometimes has two keyboards b. strings are plucked c. not capable of wide dynamic range d. all of the above d. all of the above the keyboard instrument that uses various sets of pipes to create contrasting colors is? organ what is toccata? an improvisatory, virtuosic keyboard work what is the keyboard form that is based on the principle of voices imitating each other? fugue what is the principal element of a fugue? counterpoint after the first statement of the fugue subject, the second entrance of the subject is called the answer the opening section of a fugue, in which all voices successively introduce the subject is called the exposition in a fugue, the areas of relaxation where the subject is not heard are called episodes which of the following is NOT a contrapuntal device that alters the orginal theme of a fugue? a. augmenation b. retrograde c. prelude d. diminution c. prelude in a fugue, the technique of stating the theme in shorter time values that go faster is called diminution in the field of keyboard music, Bachs most important collection was the well-tempered clavier what is the title of a set of 48 preludes and fugues by Bach? the well-tempered clavier how many preludes and fugues are contained in the two well tempered clavier volumes? 48 Bachs last demonstration of contrapuntal mastery was the art of the fugue how many voices or individual lines are there in Bachs contrapunctus 1, from the art of the fugue? four by which voice is the subject first stated in contrapunctus 1 from the art of the fugue? alto TRUE or FALSE: Creative voices from groups excluded from equal opportunity seldom have any emotional impact. False TRUE or FALSE: Women who made a name for themselves as professional musicians were often viewed as having low morals. True TRUE or FALSE: The convent of St. Radegonda in Milan was famous for its music-making. True TRUE or FALSE: The Catholic Church supported the performances of nuns in public and their use of polyphony. False TRUE or FALSE: In convents, men frequently joined the nuns choir in order to perform the bass parts. False TRUE or FALSE: Although coming from the family of a wealthy Milanese merchant, Chiara Margarita Cozzolani entered a convent and professed her final vows at age eighteen. True TRUE or FALSE: In Cozzolanis Magnificat, the choirs often sing in homophony. True TRUE or FALSE: In opera, the lyric melodies that release emotional tension are called recitatives. False TRUE or FALSE: Early operas, such as Monteverdis Orfeo, were simple productions for intimate gatherings. False TRUE or FALSE: The first public opera houses opened in Venice. True TRUE or FALSE: In seventeenth-century England, the masque was a popular type of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal instrumental music with poetry and dance. True TRUE or FALSE: Purcells Dido and Aeneas was first performed in a public opera house. False TRUE or FALSE: The aria When I am laid in earth is unified by a ground bass on a descending chromatic scale. True TRUE or FALSE: The aria When I am laid in earth is accompanied by continuo only. False TRUE or FALSE: Luther believed that professional musicians had no place in a church service. False TRUE or False: A chorale is a hymn tune associated with German Protestantism. True TRUE or FALSE: Chorales were intended to be sung by a trained choir. False TRUE or FALSE: The texts for chorales were always taken directly from the Bible. False TRUE or FALSE: Bach completed over two hundred cantatas. True TRUE or FALSE: Johann Sebastian Bach lived a short, unhappy life and had no children. False TRUE or FALSE: During his lifetime, Johann Sebastian Bach was known primarily as a great organist. True TRUE or FALSE: All the movements of Bachs Cantata No. 140 make use of the chorale tune Wachet auf. False TRUE or FALSE: In Wachet auf, Bach avoids mirroring the form of the chorale in his chorale movements. False TRUE or FALSE: A bar form has the structure of A-A-B. True TRUE or FALSE: An oratorio is a dramatic, staged work with elaborate scenery and costumes. False TRUE or FALSE: The role of a chorus is especially important in the oratorio. True TRUE or FALSE: Handel wrote his oratorio Messiah over a period of four years. False TRUE or FALSE: The libretto for Handels oratorio Messiah is a compilation of verses from the Old and New Testaments. True TRUE or FALSE: Handels Messiah is divided into three parts. True TRUE or FALSE: Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion is in bar form. False TRUE or FALSE: The Hallelujah Chorus is the climax of the Christmas section of Messiah. False TRUE or FALSE: Handels Hallelujah Chorus includes a variety of textures. True TRUE or FALSE: Lining-out was a system designed to promote polyphony in America. False TRUE or FALSE: Lining-out often involved heterophony. True TRUE or FALSE: Shape-note notation was designed to help the general public read music. True TRUE or FALSE: William Billings was the first highly trained composer active in America. False TRUE or FALSE: Billingss four-part compositions generally placed the main melody in the soprano. False TRUE or FALSE: The text for Billingss Davids Lamentation is derived from the Bible. True TRUE or FALSE: Missionaries taught American natives plainchant exclusively in Latin. False TRUE or FALSE: The incorporation of percussion instruments in Fernandess villancico is not indicated in the score but suggested by various historical documents. True TRUE or FALSE: The Renaissance period was the first in which instrumental music was comparable in importance to vocal music. False TRUE or FALSE: Stradivarius, Guarneri, and Amati were famous makers of violins during the Baroque era. True TRUE or FALSE: The invention of valves enable Baroque trumpet players to become virtuosos. False TRUE or FALSE: Today, Baroque music is played exclusively on modern instruments. False TRUE or FALSE: The standard Baroque suite consists of a variety of international dance types. True TRUE or FALSE: Baroque suites were composed for orchestra only. False TRUE or FALSE: Handels Water Music received its name because of the depiction of waves in the Alla hornpipe. False TRUE or FALSE: The Alla hornpipe from Handels Water Music is in ternary form. True TRUE or FALSE: The typical Baroque concerto is written for a solo instrument with a continuo accompaniment. False TRUE or FALSE: The concerto lends itself to virtuoso playing. True TRUE or FALSE: The tempos in a three-movement concerto are Adagio-Allegro-Andante. False TRUE or FALSE: Antonio Vivaldi composed over two hundred concertos for solo violin. True TRUE or FALSE: Vivaldi lived in Rome, where he taught music at a girls school. False TRUE or FALSE: Bach composed the famous set of works known as the Brandenburg Concertos. True TRUE or FALSE: The Four Seasons is considered to be program music. True TRUE or FALSE: In Spring from The Four Seasons, all of the images are created in the orchestra passages. True TRUE or FALSE: The most important keyboard instruments of the Baroque were the harpsichord, organ and piano. False TRUE or FALSE: The strings of a harpsichord are plucked by quills. True TRUE or FALSE: The advantage of the harpsichord was its ability to produce crescendos and diminuendos. False TRUE or FALSE: The organ has multiple keyboards. True TRUE or FALSE: A fugue is a contrapuntal composition in which a single subject is the focal point that unifies the work. True TRUE or FALSE: A fugue is a form intended exclusively for solo keyboard performance. False TRUE or FALSE: At the beginning of a fugue, the countersubject is stated alone. False TRUE or FALSE: Johann Sebastian Bachs Art of Fugue is now generally considered to be a keyboard work. False